Male Reproductive System

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Male Reproductive System
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Male Reproductive System

• Testis male gonads
• Epididymis - structure in the male reproductive
  system in which sperm fully mature and are stored
  Sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules
• vas deferens - tube that carries sperm from the
  epididymis to the urethra
• Prostate gland large gland that secretes semen
  directly into the urethra
• Urethra - tube through which urine and semen are
  released from the body
• Penis - external male reproductive organ that
  connects the urethra to the outside of the body
• Spermatogenesis the meiotic process of sperm
  production

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Female Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System

• The main structures of the female reproductive
  system are the
• Ovaries where meiosis occurs
• Fallopian tubes (oviduct) where fertilization
  occurs after ovulation the egg moves through the
  oviduct to the uterus
• Uterus where the blastula stage of the embryo
  will implant and develop during the 9 month
  gestation
• Vagina birth canal
• Cervix mouth of the uterus
• Endometrium lining of the uterus
• In addition to producing eggs, the female
  reproductive system prepares the females body to
  nourish a developing embryo.

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Female Reproductive System

• Follicle - cluster of cells surrounding a single
  egg in the human female reproductive system
• Ovulation - process in which an egg is released
  from the ovary

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Female Reproductive System
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Menstrual Cycle

• Human females release a gamete (egg) about every
  28 days from puberty to menopause
• Follicular Phase
• follicles in ovaries grow in response to FSH
  release from pituitary gland
• Increasing amount of estrogen released
• Ovulation
• Secondary oocyte ruptures out of the ovaries in
  response to an increase of luteinizing hormone
  (LH) from anterior pituitary gland. (about 14
  days after menstruation)
• Luteal Phase
• After ovulation the Corpus Luteum secretes
  estrogen and progesterone that thicken the
  endometrium
• Menstruation
• If implantation of the embryo does not occur the
  buildup of the lining is shed. This is commonly
  called the period

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Menstrual Cycle

• Follicular Phase
• follicles in ovaries grow in response to FSH
  release from pituitary gland
• Increasing amount of estrogen released
• Ovulation
• Secondary oocyte ruptures out of the ovaries in
  response to an increase of luteinizing hormone
  (LH) from anterior pituitary gland. (about 14
  days after menstruation)
• Luteal Phase
• After ovulation the Corpus Luteum secretes
  estrogen and progesterone that thicken the
  endometrium
• Menstruation
• If implantation of the embryo does not occur the
  buildup of the lining is shed. This is commonly
  called the period

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Fertilization and Development

• Monoploid (n) Egg is Released
• Fertilization Usually occurs in the upper
  region of the fallopian tube
• Zygote a fertilized egg
• Cleavage rapid mitotic divisions which occurs
  after fertilization
• Zygote ? Morula ? Blastula
• Implantation Usually occurs 6 to 7 days after
  fertilization.
• Blastula ? undergoes gastrulation ? Gastrula
• Gastrulation - process of cell migration by which
  a third layer of cells is formed within the
  cavity of a blastocyst

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• Zygote ? Cleavage ?
• Blastula ? Gastrulation ?
• Gastrula ? Organogenesis ?
• Fetus

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Endocrine System

• Regulatory System
• separate, but works together with the Nervous
  System to Maintain Homeostasis

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Endocrine System and Nervous System

• Endocrine
• Secretes hormones.
• Nervous
• Secretes neurotransmitters
• In one case
• Epinephrine (adrenaline) works for both systems
• Endocrine Fight or Flight hormone released by
  adrenal gland
• Nervous neurotransmitter which relays messages
  from one neuron ? another neuron

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Hormones (chemicals)

• Chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and
  affect the activities of other cells
• Travel through blood ? target cell, tissue, organ

• Can produce either
• immediate, short-lived response
• epinephrine
• Dramatic, long-term development or an entire
  organism
• Metamorphosis

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Tropic Hormones

• Hormones that stimulate other glands to release
  hormones. (far reaching affects)
• Anterior Pituitary Gland ? TSH (Thyroid
  Stimulating Hormone)
• TSH stimulates thyroid ? Thyroxin controls
  metabolic rate

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Hypothalamus

• Bridge between the Endocrine and Nervous systems
• Nervous System
• Fight-or-Flight sends electrical signals
  (impulses) ? adrenal gland ? epinephrine
• Endocrine
• Produces oxytocin and antidiuretic homone ?
  Stores it in pituitory gland

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Feedback Mechanisms

• Self-regulating mechanism that increases or
  decreases an action or the level of a particular
  substance

• Positive Feedback labor
• Contractions begin ? baby head to uterine opening
  ? more contraction ? more pressure
• Negative Feedback
• Thyroxin levels in blood
• Hypothalamus ? TSH stimulates thyroid ? thyoxin ?
  hypothalamus stop making TSH

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Hormone Action

• Non-steroid Hormones
• Proteins, small peptides, modified amino acids
• Not membrane soluble
• Triggers secondary mess.
• cAMO

• Steroids ? lipids cholesterol
• Can diffuse though membranes

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Excretory System

• Removal of Wastes

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Excretory System

• Aids in the removal of waste materials
• Skin
• Lungs
• Kidneys

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The kidney

• Maintains homeostasis by controlling pH, water
  levels, blood volume, and waste materials
• Ureter tube which carries urine to the urinary
  bladder.
• Nephron functional unit of the kidney (about 1
  million in each kidney)
• Glomerulus small network of capillaries encased
  in the upper end of the nephron by a cup-shaped
  structure called Bowmans capsul
• Loop of Henle section of the nephron tubule
  where water is conserved, minimizing the amount
  of urine.

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Kidney
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The Skeletal System
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The Skeletal System

• The skeleton supports the body, protects internal
  organs, provides for movement, stores mineral
  reserves, and provides a site for blood cell
  formation.

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Bone Structure

• Periosteum - tough layer of connective tissue
  surrounding a bone
• Haversian canal - one of a network of tubes
  running through compact bone that contains blood
  vessels and nerves
• bone marrow - soft tissue inside cavities within
  bones two types are yellow marrow and red marrow

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Bone Structure
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Bone Formation

• Cartilage - strong connective tissue that
  supports the body and is softer and more flexible
  than bone
• Ossification - process of bone formation, during
  which cartilage is replaced by bone
• Osteoblast Helps to form bone
• Osteocyte Helps to maintain bone
• Osteoclast Helps to breakdown bone

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Joints

• Joint - place where one bone attaches to another
• Depending on its type of movement, a joint is
  classified as
• Immovable Joints - fused together (skull)
• Slightly Movable Joints vertebrae tibia,
  fibula
• Freely Movable Joints 

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Freely Moveable Joints
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Joint Structure

• Ligament - strip of tough connective tissue in a
  joint that holds bones together
• Tendon strip of connective tissue that connects
  muscle to bone

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The Muscular System
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The Muscular System

• There are three different types of muscle tissue
• Skeletal striated muscle (dark and light
  banding)
• Smooth spindle shaped, one nucleus, not
  striated
• cardiac smaller cells, striated

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Skeletal Muscle Structure
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The Integumentary System
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Integumentary System

• The integumentary system serves as a barrier
  against infection and injury, helps to regulate
  body temperature, removes waste products from the
  body, and provides protection against ultraviolet
  radiation from the sun.

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Skin Formation

• Epidermis - outer layer of the skin, formed by
  epithelial cells
• The outer layer of the epidermis is formed of
  dead, flattened cells that have been toughened by
  keratin
• The inner layer of the epidermis forms new cells
  and those cells are pushed up to the surface of
  the epidermis
• Keratin - tough, fibrous protein found in skin
• Melanin - dark-brown pigment found in skin

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Skin

• Epidermis - outer layer of the skin
• Dermis - innermost layer of the skin
• collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings,
  glands, sense organs, smooth muscles, and hair
  follicles
• Sweat Gland, Sebaceous Glands
• Subcutaneous Layer formed by a loose connective
  tissue called adipose (fat)

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Skin
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Hair and Nails

• Hair functions protection form UV rays,
  insulation, protection (dead keratin filled
  cells)
• hair follicle - tubelike pocket of epidermal
  cells that extends into the dermis cells at the
  base of hair follicles produce hair
• Nails form in a similar process as skin.
  Keratin helps to harden nails