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Exploration and Expansion

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Title: Exploration and Expansion Author: gt115914 Last modified by: Travis Gower Created Date: 11/7/2005 7:35:30 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show (4:3) – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Exploration and Expansion


1
Exploration and Expansion
2
Essential Questions
  • What factors contributed to the Europeans
    entrance into their age of discovery and
    expansion?
  • What were the major differences between the
    overseas empires established by the Portuguese
    and Spanish?
  • What were the general consequences of European
    expansion into Africa?

3
Technology
  • Compass (China)
  • Astrolabe (Arabs)
  • Cartography (Ptolemy Byzantine Arabs)
    latitude and longitude
  • Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs)
  • Gunpowder (China)
  • Multiple masts

4
Reasons for Expansion
  • Trade with Asia
  • Marco Polo
  • Europeans desire eastern spices
  • Trade cut off by Arab empires
  • Renaissance Reformation
  • Economic and political expansion
  • Spains Three Gs
  • Gold look for wealth
  • Glory discover something new (conquistadors)
  • God spread Christianity

5
Portuguese
  • Traveled down coast of Africa (Gold Coast) and
    over to India (spices)
  • Prince Henry the Navigator 1419, established a
    school for sailors
  • Bartholomew Diaz 1487, Cape of Good Hope (tip
    of Africa)
  • Vasco da Gama 1498, around Africa to India
  • Alfonso d Albuquerque 1510, set-up a land base
    in Goa, India to control spice trade (took away
    from Muslims), eventually set-up in China

6
Spanish Exploration
  • Well start with the two super-frauds!
  • Columbus (1492)
  • Convinced Queen Isabella to support his journey
  • Landed on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and Cuba
  • Called natives Indians
  • Never realized he wasnt in Asia
  • Amerigo Vespucci suggested Columbus found the
    New World (Amerigo America)
  • Magellan
  • 1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain
  • Sailed around South America (Straight of
    Magellan)
  • Named and crossed the Pacific Ocean
  • Killed in the Philippines
  • Del Cano led ship that circumnavigated the world

7
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8
Magellans Route
9
Dividing the New World
  • Spain and Portugal each claimed
  • Turned to pope for help
  • 1493 Line of Demarcation was drawn
  • 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas signed moving the
    line
  • Brazil Portuguese
  • Rest of South America Spanish

10
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11
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12
Spanish Empire
  • Columbian Exchange
  • Europe Received corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet
    potatoes, beans
  • Americas Received disease, horses, cows, pigs,
    sugar
  • Conquistadors
  • Cortes took over Aztecs in Mexico
  • Pizarro took over Incas in Peru
  • Encomienda
  • Indians became slaves controlled by Spanish
  • Indians were converted to Catholicism

13
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14
European Rivals
  • Dutch (Netherlands)
  • Early 17th century set-up trade company in India
  • Henry Hudson (1621) claimed New Amsterdam on
    the Hudson River
  • French
  • Looked for the Northwest Passage through America
  • Da Verrazano, Cartier (Montreal), Champlain
    (Quebec)
  • Jesuits sent and French traded with Indians for
    fur
  • English
  • John Cabot
  • Francis Drake
  • James Cook Sailed around the world
  • Jamestown (1607)
  • Plymouth (1621)

15
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16
Slave Trade
  • Slavery not new to Africa
  • Sent to Middle East for domestic work
  • Sugarcane (Portuguese)
  • Changed slavery for Europeans
  • Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil
  • Grew fast
  • 16th century about 275,000
  • 17th century over 1 million
  • 18th century over 6 million
  • African slave traders controlled slave trade
  • Middle Passage route to the Americas
  • Destroyed traditional African societies as demand
    for slaves increased

17
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18
Middle Passage
19
Warning the next few slides cover material on
your test but not in your original notes!
  • Chapter 19 Sections 2 and 3 Asia attempts to
    isolate during European Exploration

20
The Ming Dynasty (1368 1644 CE)Chinas
Exploration and Isolationist Dynasty
  • 1368 Hongwu commands an army that kicked out the
    Mongols and becomes the new emperor of China
    starting the Ming Dynasty
  • Yonglo (Hongwus son)
  • Moves the capital to Beijing and creates the
    Forbidden City (pg 538)
  • Sends Zheng He on voyages of exploration (was he
    the first to sail around the world?!? Did he
    discover the Americas in 1420?!?)
  • Goal was to set-up tributes and show the Mings
    power and wealth
  • Ended after 7 voyages
  • China withdraws into isolation

21
Zheng Hes Voyages
22
China under the Qing Dynasty(1644 1911)
  • Manchus (Manchuria) overthrow Ming Dynasty
  • Kangxi and Qian-long expanded borders, reduced
    government expenses, interacted with European
    missionaries
  • Chinese controlled trade with Europe
  • Forced payment of tribute and performance of the
    kowtow ritual
  • Dutch accepted and became strong trade partners
    (tea)
  • Great Britain did not and was limited in trade
  • European interest will increase and European
    nations will work to slowly weaken the Qing
    Dynasty and will be discussed later in this class

23
Japan Becomes Isolated
  • 15th and 16th century Japan saw an era of
    disorder without central leadership (daimyo
    feudalism)
  • From 1568 to 1600 CE Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi
    Hideyoshi start a unification process that will
    be completed under Tokugawa Ieyasu
  • Tokugawa Shogunate (1600 1867) brought
    stability to Japans feudal system
  • Emperor as figure head with real power from the
    military commander (shogun)
  • Drama (Kabuki Theater), literature (haiku), and
    art flourished

24
Japan Becomes Isolated
  • European Contact
  • Portuguese (starting in 1548) brought technology
    (guns and canons) that changed Japanese military
    structure
  • Christian Missionaries (starting in 1549) came to
    convert Japanese
  • Tokugawa shogunate persecuted and then banned
    Christianity from the empire
  • Tokugawa shogunates dislike of European contact
    results in the closed country policy beginning
    in 1639
  • For 200 years Japan was basically closed off from
    European contact
  • Virtually no trade or ideas came in and no
    Japanese allowed to leave
  • Nagasaki one exception, port owned by the
    Tokugawa was able to trade with Dutch and Chinese
    merchants

25
Results of Expansion
  • In Europe
  • Economically successful (mercantilism)
  • Created rivalries as countries fought over
    colonies
  • In Asia
  • Increased trade with Europe
  • Beginning of Western dominance
  • Japan becomes Isolated
  • In Africa
  • Dramatic increase of slave trade
  • European influence in the coastal areas
  • In the Americas
  • Destroyed native population
  • Began European dominance
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