Fertilizer Management

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FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT
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Fertilizer

• These are the inorganic sources of nutrients,
  which supply one or more nutrients

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Why fertilizer is needed?

• Need at vegetative phase of crop
• Need at reproductive phase of crop
• Percent increase in yield

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Fertility status of soils in Pakistan

• Most of the soils in Pakistan have poor status of
  available plant nutrition and cannot support
  optimum level of crop productivity. Generally N
  is deficient in all soils. In case of P, more
  than 90 is inadequate available soil phosphorus
  so P is also deficient, but in case of K picture
  is not clear

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Reasons of low fertility

• High temperature and arid climate, accelerate
  decomposing
• Nutrient loss trough soil erosion
• Traditional framing and cropping system
• Low nutrient use efficiency

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During the year 2005-06

• The local production of NPK was 2132 tones
• The imported supply of fertilizer was 1002 tones
• The off take of fertilizer was 2982 tones

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Fertilizer use in different provinces

• In Sindh it was 200 Kg/ha
• In Punjab about 125 Kg/ha
• In NWFP the consumption was 90 Kg/ha
• In Balochistan 80 Kg/ha

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How to increase fertilizer use efficiency?

• By following tactics fertilizer use efficiency
  can be increased
• 1-Type of fertilizer
• It depends on
• Soil fertility level
• Type of crop to be sown

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Nitrogenous Fertilizers

•  

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Phosphatic Fertilizers
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Compound Fertilizers
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2) Rate of fertilizer

• It depends on
• Type of soil
• Soil fertility level
• Lighter soils has less ability to capture
  nutrients
• Medium loam soil is considered to be the best
  soils
• On heavy soils fixation of nutrients occurs,
  so current crop cannot make use of full nutrients
  applied

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3) Time of application

• It depends on
• Type and stage of crop growth
• Type of soil
• Moisture availability

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4) Method of application

1. Broad cast method
2. Band application
3. Drilling
4. Foliar application

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Drilling
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Foliar application
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Foliar application of fertilizers
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Micronutrients Zinc
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Micronutrients Boron
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Fertilizer management in different areas

• 1- Management under dry land
• It mainly depends on
• Soil management
• Moisture availability

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2- Management under multiple cropping

• In wheat-rice system
• In wheat-cotton system
• In inter cropping

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3-Management in salt affected soil

• Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorus (P)
• Potassium (K)

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Introduction

• The production of livestock and poultry animals,
  also known as animal agriculture
• Animal waste includes
• livestock
• poultry manure
• bedding and litter
• dairy waste water
• feedlot runoff
• wasted feed

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Uses of Animal Waste

• Animal waste properly helps
• recover nutrients
• reduces the possibility of contaminating water
  environment
• as fertilizer.
• improve soil quality
• air quality and health

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Nutrient Cycle
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Environmentally Sound Animal Waste Management

• Recovering and using nutrients in solid and
  liquid waste
• Properly maintaining waste storage facilities and
  applying waste to land at recommended rates
• Controlling odors
• Animal health

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Management Practices

• limit waste runoff
• collect and store waste
• treat waste
• use waste, such as an
• organic fertilizer

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Effective Waste Management System

• collection
• transportation
• storage
• treatment and utilization

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Nutrient content of manure
Type of Manure Type of Manure Total N Total P2O5 Total K2O
Type of Manure Type of Manure Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
Liquid Liquid lb/1,000 gallons lb/1,000 gallons lb/1,000 gallons
Swine 49 35 25
Dairy W/out parlor waste 45 21 31
Dairy W/parlor waste 23 11 23
Beef 45 21 31
Poultry Pit 80 36 96
Solid Solid lb/ton lb/ton lb/ton
Dairy Feedlot Summer 17 9 16
Dairy Feedlot Winter 12 7 7
Dairy Bedded Pack 15 6 21
Poultry W/out litter 33 48 34
Poultry W/litter 56 45 34
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Percent of total N available
Type of manure Type of manure Year of application Year of application Year of application
Type of manure Type of manure 1 3 5
Swine or beef, liquid Incorporated 75 85 95
Swine or beef, liquid Not incorporated 50 65 75
Swine or beef, feedlot Stockpiled, incorporated 35 50 55
Dairy, fresh Incorporated 50 70 78
Dairy, liquid Incorporated 40 60 68
Dairy, fresh or liquid Not incorporated 25 35 45
Poultry Broiler litter 50 65 75
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Animal Waste Management Options

• Solid manure handling
• Slurry manure handling
• Dry stack storage
• Liquid manure handling

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Waste Management Plan
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Components of a Waste Management Plan

• Odor Control
• Insect Control
• Animal Mortality Management
• Waste and Soil Testing
• Record Keeping
• Waste Application Rates

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A Waste Management Plan
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Use of Lagoon to Manage Waste

• A lagoon is a type of earth storage where
  bacteria break down animal waste into
  less harmful components
• Designing a lagoon or storage pond
• Managing a lagoon or storage pond
• Pumping a lagoon or storage pond

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Anaerobic Lagoon Operating Levels
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS, NITRATE, HEAVY METALS AND
PATHOGENS

• NITRATE
• Introduction
• Nitrate a source of N and used as fertilizer
• Immobilization
• Denitrification

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Sources of Nitrate

• Manures
• Sludge
• fertilizers
• Sewage water

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Effect of Nitrate

• Eutrophication.
• Digestive Tract Cancer
• Blue Baby Syndrome

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Factors Affecting Nitrate Contamination

• CLIMATE
• FERTILIZER
• Fertilizer application
• SOIL

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• Soil Type
• Soil thickness
• CROPS
• FARMING SYSTEM

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HEAVY METALS

• Heavy metal refers to any metallic element that
  has relatively high density and is toxic or
  poisonous at low concentrations. e.g. lead(Pb),
  chromium(Cr).
• Heavy metals tend to Bioaccumulate
• Heavy metals act as poisons.

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• Heavy metals in the soils are taken up by crops.
• These heavy metals enter the food chain when
  animals eat these plants.
• These heavy metals enter in the body of animals
  and cause serious health problems.

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Sources of Heavy Metalsin water

• Industrial waste.
• Consumer waste.
• Automobile exhaust.
• Natural soils.
• Acid Rain breaking soils and releasing heavy
  metals into streams, lakes , rivers and
  groundwater.

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Sources of Heavy Metalsin soil

• Parent Material.
• Contaminated irrigation water.
• Atmospheric fallout especially around large
  cities car fumes are sources of heavy metals e.g.
  lead.

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF SOME IMPORTANT HEAVY MET
ALS

• ANTIMONY
• A metal used in batteries, pigments, ceramics and
  glass.
• Exposure to high levels of antimony for short
  periods of time causes Nausea, Vomiting, and
  Diarrhea.
• However long term exposure may prove
  Carcinogenic

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CADMIUM

• Used in nickel/cadmium batteries
• pigments and coatings of marine applications.
• It is also present as an impurity in the
  phosphate fertilizers, detergents and refined
  petroleum products.

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• Cadmium is a mobile element in soil
• It is taken up by plants primarily through roots.
• Its Transfer to plants depends upon
• A. Its levels in the soil,
• B. ph value of soil
• C humus levels.
• There is an increased risk of accumulation even
  at low soil levels of lt1 mg/kg, with ph values
  under 6.5

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• Cadmium accumulates at different rates in a
  single plant in its different parts
• rootsgtleavesgtsproutsgtfruitsgtseeds.
• Cadmium uptake in crops can be reduced by
• raising soil ph by liming, as cadmium is more
  available to plants in acid soils, selecting
  cultivars, which take up less cadmium.

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• In humans long term exposure is associated with
  renal disfunction.
• High exposure of lead causes lung diseases .
• It may also produce bone defects (osteomalacia
  and osteoporosis) in humans .
• A large proportion of cadmium, which is ingested
  by animals, is excreted but a small amount is
  retained, mostly in liver and kidneys

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COPPER

• Copper is an essential substance to human life
• In high doses it can cause anemia, liver and
  kidney damage, and stomach and intestinal
  irritation.
• Copper normally occurs in drinking water from
  copper pipes,
• From additives designed to control algal growth.

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LEAD

• Lead is used in leaded gasoline(tetra ethyl
  lead),batteries, hair dyes, and leaded paints,
  pipes, fittings of household plumbing systems
  which contaminate the drinking water
• Lead is harmful in very small amounts once
  absorbed into our body it combines with and
  inhibits the functioning of certain enzymes-often
  with severe physiological or neurological
  consequences.
• Lead is a potent poison. Short-tem exposure to
  high doses of lead can make you seriously ill.
• Long-term overexposure can cause numerous health
  problems, including anemia, damage to nervous
  system and brain, kidney diseases, birth defects,
  mental retardation
• Today no level of lead is considered to be
  actually safe.

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• Long-term overexposure can cause numerous health
  problems, including anemia, damage to nervous
  system and brain, kidney diseases, birth defects,
  mental retardation
• Today no level of lead is considered to be
  actually safe.

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Mercury

• It is a global pollutant. The common areas where
  it is found are Auto exhaust, pesticides,
  fertilizers, drinking water(tap and well),
  tanning leather, paint pigments and solvents,
  cosmetics, batteries, air conditioner filters.
• Most of the mercury in the water, soil,
  sediments, or plants and animals is in the form
  of inorganic mercury salts and organic forms of
  mercury(methyl mercury).
• Piscivorous (fish eating) birds and mammals are
  more exposed to mercury.
• Adverse effects of mercury on fish, birds and
  mammals include reduced reproductive success,
  impaired growth and development, and even death.

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FLUORIDE

• Fluoride in the water is essential for protection
  against weakening of bones and teeth.
• Its excess quantity causes the yellowing of teeth
  and damage to spinal cord.
• Main source is the industrial affluent.

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ARSENIC

• Its source is the phosphate fertilizer.
• Its high concentrations in water are harmful and
  cause the liver damage
• Nervous system damage and skin cancer.

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CHROMIUM

• It is used in metal alloys and pigments for
  paints, cement, paper and rubber.
• Its low level exposure can irritate skin and
  cause ulceration.
• Long term exposure can cause kidney and liver
  damage, and damage to circulatory and nerve
  tissues as well.
• chromium often accumulates in aquatic life,
  adding to the danger of eating fish.

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• STRATIGIES FOR SOIL WATER
• CONSERVATION WITH RELATION TO
• ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

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CONSERVATION

• The act of preserving from decay,loss or
• injury is called conservation.

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Soil Conservation

• 1.Conservatin tillage
• 2.Contour ploughing
• 3.Strip planting
• 4.Stubble planting
• 5.Terraces
• 6.Strip Disking
• 7.Strip Mowing

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• 8.Animal Wastes application
• 9.Composting
• 10.Wind Breaks
• 11.Contour Buffer Strips
• 12.Riparian Forests
• 13.Zero Tillage
• 14.Tree Planting
• 15.Crop Factors

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CONSERVATION TILLAGE

• In conservation tillage, crops are grown with
  minimal cultivation of the soil. When the amount
  of tillage is reduced, the stubble or plant
  residues are not completely incorporated, and
  most or all remain on top of the soil rather than
  being plowed or disk ed into the soil. The new
  crop is planted into this stubble or small strips
  of tilled soil.

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CONTOUR PLOUGHING
   One of the first procedures that resulted from
the dust bowl was the
technique of contour plowing. With contour
plowing the tractor operator will follow the
contours of the hillside, in effect going around
the sides of the hills following the contours of
the hillsides
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POTATO GROWN ON CONTOUR

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STRIP PLANTING

• In the dreams of the efficiency experts the ideal
  farm would be flat and contain fields with
  lengths of many miles. These large fields are
  indeed very efficient because they reduce the
  'turn around' time of tractors at the end of each
  field. they also reduce the amount of non-planted
  space at the edges of fields that give the
  tractors the room they need to swing the long
  pieces of equipment around as a proportion of
  total field sp

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STUBBLE PLANTING

•   This is a fairly new development that is well
  suited to many of the grain and cereal crops. In
  this method the old stubble of the years
  harvested crop is not plowed in as was the
  practice for centuries. Instead the inches high
  stubble is left in place, any fertilizers and new
  seed planted afterwards is inserted into the soil
  through small slits cut into the soil by a razor
  type device attached to the tractor, in other
  words the soil is left virtually undisturbed

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COVER CROPS

• Cover crops will in some rare instances act as a
  'nurse crop' planted along with a cash crop, the
  cover crop will generally germinate first, then
  it will shade the tender cash crop as it grows.
  This is a highly specialized operation, and much
  research needs to be done in this technique
  before it can be recommended for a particular
  crop.

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STRIP DISKING

• Various crops according to nature are grown
• in form of strips in form of circular pattern
• conserving soil constituents

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Zero Tillage

• Appraisal of crops with no tillage and when
• they have good stand then give
• secondary tillage

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STRIP Mowing

• The pattern of grass cutting or harvesting of
• crops should be such one field should be
• harvested at one time.

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WATER CONSERVATION

• 1.choice of vegetative cover
• 2.erosion prevention
• 3.salinity management
• 4.acidity control
• 5.encouraging health of beneficial soil organisms
  
• 6.prevention and remediation of soil
  contamination

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• 7.no till farming
• 8.contour ploughing
• 9.wind rows
• 10.crop rotation

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Rainwater harvesting

• 1.Domestic Use
• 2.Agricultural Use (Irrigation and Animal
  Drinking Troughs)
• It uses local construction materials and labor.
• Sources of energy are not needed to operate
• the systems. The owner/user can easily maintain
  the systems.

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RAIN WATER HARVESTING
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Fog Harvesting

• To capture the water from fog, rectangular
  obstacles constructed of polypropylene mesh are
  employed. These are usually placed perpendicular
  to the prevailing flow of the clouds. The "fog
  harvesters" are positioned 1.5 m above the
  ground, and are supported on vertical posts. The
  size of the harvesters depends on the
  topographical conditions and the purpose for
  which the water is to be used.

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Seawater/brackish water desalination

• . Water is pumped by submersible pumps to the
  intake of the plant. The two other plants,
  operated by Aqua Design (BVI) Ltd., obtain their
  feed water from either shallow wells dug in the
  alluvial deposits of the nearby valleys or wells
  drilled at the shoreline (in the case of the
  westernmost plant). The two plants operated by
  Aqua Design (BVI) Ltd. on Virgin Gouda obtain
  their feed water from an open-sea intake system.

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DESALINATION ON SHORES
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Recycling of industrial effluent

• Recycling of industrial effluent is now being
  practiced by several industries to reduce the
  demands on freshwater resources and to reduce
  pollution of the environment. The recycling of
  industrial effluent was spearheaded by the
  bauxite/aluminum companies operating in Jamaica,
  and they are the largest recyclers at the present
  time. The bauxite/aluminum industry produces a
  waste product known locally as "red mud," which
  consists of over 70 water, enriched with caustic
  soda and organics.

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Raised beds cultivation

• This technology is based on modification of
  the soil surface to facilitate water movement and
  storage, and to increase the organic content of
  the soil to increase its suitability for
  cultivation. This system of soil management for
  irrigation purposes was first developed in the
  year 300 B.C., before the rise of the Inca
  Empire. It was later abandoned as more
  technically advanced irrigation technologies were
  discovered. Nevertheless, in 1984, in Tiawanaco,
  Bolivia, and Puno, Peru, the system was
  re-established. It is known in the region as Waru
  Warn, which is the traditional Indian (Quechua)
  name for this technique

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WARU WARU CULTIVATION