Challenges%20to%20Effective%20Policing

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• Chapter 6
• Challenges to Effective Policing

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Learning Outcomes

• LO1 Identify the differences between the police
  academy and field training as learning tools for
  recruits.
• LO2 List the three primary purposes of police
  patrol.
• LO3 Describe how forensic experts use DNA
  fingerprinting to solve crimes.
• LO4 Determine when police offices are justified
  in using deadly force.
• LO5 Explain what an ethical dilemma is and name
  four categories of ethical dilemma typically
  facing a police officer.

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Identify the differences between the police
academy and field training as learning tools for
recruits.
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Learning Outcome 1

• Basic Requirements
• U.S. Citizen
• No felony convictions
• Valid Drivers License
• Minimum 21 years of age
• Weight, eyesight, and fitness requirements
• Background check
• Polygraph

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Learning Outcome 1

• Educational Requirements
• 81 of all police departments require a high
  school diploma.
• Probationary Period
• During this period, the recruit can be fired
  without cause if he or she is inadequate for
  police work.

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Learning Outcome 1

• Academy Training
• Provides recruits with a controlled, militarized
  learning environment.
• Field Training
• Takes place outside the confines of the police
  academy.

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List the three primary purposes of police
patrol.
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Learning Outcome 2

• The backbone of police organization is officers
  on patrol.
• The purpose of patrol
• Deter crime by maintaining visible presence.
• Maintain public order and sense of security.
• Twenty-four hour provision of non-crime related
  services.

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Learning Outcome 2

• Patrol officers hurry from call to call, bound
  to their crackling radios, which offer no
  reliefespecially on summer weekend nights. . . .
  The cops jump from crisis to crisis, rarely
  having time to do more than tamp one down
  sufficiently and leave for the next. Gaps of
  boredom and inactivity fill the interims,
  although there arent many of these in the hot
  months. Periods of boredom get increasingly
  longer as the nights wear on and the weather gets
  colder.
• - Andrew Bouza

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Learning Outcome 2

• Investigations
• Reactive, rather than proactive
• The responsibility of detectives
• Success is measured with clearance rates, or the
  number of cases resulting in arrest and
  prosecution
• Aggressive strategies include going undercover
  and working with confidential informants.

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Learning Outcome 2

• Clearance Rates
• Percentage reported crimes that have been
  solved.
• The clearance rate for violent crimes has been
  dropping for decades.
• Cold Cases
• Criminal investigations that are not cleared
  after a certain amount of time.

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CAREERPREP

• Forensic Scientist
• Job Description
• Examine, test, and analyze tissue samples,
  chemical substances, physical materials, and
  ballistics evidence collected at a crime scene.
• Testify as an expert witness on evidence or
  laboratory techniques in criminal trials.
• What Kind of Training Is Re quired ?
• A bachelors degree in science, particularly
  chemistry, biology, biochemistry, or physics.
• Certification programs (usually two years
  additional study) can help prospective applicants
  specialize as forensic consultants, fingerprint
  technicians, forensic investigators, and
  laboratory technicians.
• Annual Salary Range?
• 25,10065,000
• For additional information, visit www.aafs.org.

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Describe how forensic experts use DNA
fingerprinting to solve crimes.
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Learning Outcome 3

• Forensics the practice of using science and
  technology to investigate crimes.
• Determines facts like
• Cause of death/injury
• Time of death/injury
• Type of weapon used
• Identity of the victim
• Identity of the offender

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Learning Outcome 3

• Crime Scene Forensics include the evaluation of
• Trace evidence
• Ballistics
• Fingerprints
• Bloodstain pattern analysis

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Learning Outcome 3

• The DNA Revolution
• DNA provides the genetic blueprint for every
  living organism.
• When DNA is recovered at a crime scene and
  matched to a suspect, the odds that match is
  conclusive are 30 million to 1.
• The ability to dust for genetic information
  greatly increases the chances that a crime will
  be solved.

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Learning Outcome 3

• Patrol Strategies
• Incident driven policing
• Calls for service are the primary instigators of
  action.
• General Patrol
• Making the rounds of an area.
• Directed Patrol
• Making the rounds to deal with crimes in certain
  locations and circumstances.

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Learning Outcome 3

• Hot Spots
• Targets of directed patrols.
• Contain a greater number of criminals and have
  high levels of victimization.

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Learning Outcome 3

• Arrest Strategies
• Reactive arrests
• Made by local officers who observe a criminal
  act or respond to call.
• Proactive arrests
• Occur when police target a particular type of
  criminal or activity.

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Learning Outcome 3

• Broken Windows Theory
• A neighborhood in disrepair signals that criminal
  activity is tolerated in the area
• By cracking down on quality-of-life crimes,
  police can reclaim the neighborhood and encourage
  law-abiding citizens to live and work there
• Based on order maintenance of neighborhoods

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Learning Outcome 3

• Community policing is a strategy that emphasizes
  community support for and cooperation with police
  in preventing crime.
• Community policing has been criticized for being
  more about public relations than policing.

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Learning Outcome 3

• Problem-Oriented Policing
• A key component of community policing
• Moves beyond simply responding to incidents and
  attempts instead to control or even solve the
  root causes of criminal behavior
• Two important aspects of problem-solving policing
  are hot spots and crime mapping

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Learning Outcome 3

• Police Subculture
• The values and perceptions that are shared by
  members of a police department. These values
  permeate agencies and are taught to new officers
  through a process of socialization.

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Learning Outcome 3

• Rituals critical to the police officers
  acceptance of police subculture
• Attending a police academy
• Working with a senior officer who passes on the
  lessons of police work and life
• Making the initial felony arrest
• Using force to make an arrest for the first time
• Witnessing major traumatic incidents for the
  first time

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Learning Outcome 3

• Physical and Mental Dangers
• Daily threat of physical harm
• Considerable mental pressure and stress from
• Rigors of the job
• Fear for safety
• Depressing job conditions
• Excessive paperwork

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Determine when police offices are justified in
using deadly force.
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Learning Outcome 4

• Authority and the Use of Force
• The proper use of force
• an officer may resort to force only where he or
  she faces a credible threat, and then may only
  use the minimum amount necessary to control the
  subject.

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Learning Outcome 4

• The Phoenix Study
• Found that police use some kind of force in 22
  of arrests.
• Best predictor of police using force was
  suspects use of force.

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Use of Force Matrix
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Learning Outcome 4

• The United States Supreme Court and Use of Force
• Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
• When the suspect poses no immediate threat to the
  officer and no threat to others, the use of
  deadly force is unjustified. . . . It is not
  better that all felony suspects die than that
  they escape.

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Learning Outcome 4

• The United States Supreme Court and Use of Force
• Graham v. Conner (1989)
• The use of any force should be judged by the
  reasonableness of the moment.

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Explain what an ethical dilemma is and name four
categories of ethical dilemmas typically facing a
police officer.
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Learning Outcome 5

• Types of Police Corruption
• Bribery
• Payoffs
• Direct criminal activity

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Learning Outcome 5

• Ethics has to do with fundamental questions of
  the fairness, justice, rightness, or wrongness of
  any action.

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Learning Outcome 5

• Ethical dilemmas are defined as a situation in
  which law enforcement officers
• Do not know the right course of action
• Have difficulty doing what they consider to be
  right and/or
• Find the wrong choice very tempting

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Learning Outcome 5

• Four categories of Ethical Dilemmas
• Discretion
• Duty
• Honesty
• Loyalty

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Learning Outcome 5

• Officers should ask themselves
• Is it legal?
• Is it fair?
• How would my family and friends feel about my
  decision?
• How does it make me feel about myself?

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CAREERPREP

• Fish and Wildlife Service Officer
• Job Descript ion
• Protect the integrity of Americas natural
  habitat by policing the millions of acres of
  public land in this country, including wildlife
  refuges, fish hatcheries, waterfowl management
  areas, and wetland districts.
• Investigate wildlife crimes, particularly the
  illegal hunting, poaching, and sale of federally
  protected resources such as endangered species,
  migratory birds, marine mammals, and species of
  international concern.
• What Kind of Training Is Required ?
• Completion of an eighteen-week basic Land
  Management Police Training Academy course, a
  two-week Refuge Officer Basic School course, and
  a tenweek Field Training and Evaluation Program.
• The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service offers
  students summer jobs that provide the experience
  necessary for a career in this field, with either
  a federal or a state agency.
• Annual Salary Range?
• 27,00053,200
• For additional information, visit
  www.fws.gov/jobs/wwd--law.html.