UNIT%202%20CLASSIFICATION

1
UNIT 2CLASSIFICATION

• Vocabulary
• Materials countable vs uncountable nouns
• (i.e. general vs specific)
• Revision of names of materials
• (WORD FORMATION NOUNS from VB)
• Grammar and functions
• Expressing classification
• AS, HOW and LIKE
• Introduction to connectors

2
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

• ACCORDING TO THE STATE OF MATTER
• SOLIDS, e.g. COPPER
• GASES, e.g. CARBON DIOXIDE
• DIVIDE MATERIALS INTO METALS AND NON-METALS
• DEPENDING ON WHETHER THEY ARE PURE METALS
• ALLOYS, e.g BRONZE
• METALS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO
• IRON AND ALL OF ITS ALLOYS
• LEAD, GOLD OR MERCURY

3
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

• CERAMICS, PLASTICS, COMPOSITES, RUBBER
• PLASTICS, , CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
• THEIR MOLECULAR STRUCTURE CHANGES
• AS MANY TIMES AS NEEDED
• ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
• CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS
• THEY PERMIT AN ELECTRIC CURRENT TO FLOW
• MOST METALS
• LIKE CARBON OR SALT WATER
• PLASTICS AND CERAMICS ARE INSULATORS
• SILICON
• ACT AS CONDUCTORS OR INSULATORS
• IN MANY DIFFERENT WAYS

4
CLASSIFYING

• GENERAL CLASS
• classified divisions
• divided groups
• grouped into types
• is/are arranged classes
• may be categorized categories
• can be
• could be classified
• categorized
• classed as solids, liquids or gases
• grouped
• Includes
• Contains
• consists of
• is made up of
• is formed by
• is composed of
• comprises

5
CLASSIFYING

• SPECIFIC ITEM
• classed
• is classified as GENERAL CLASS
• categorized
• is put into
• falls into the class / category of GENERAL CLASS
  
• belongs to
• is an example (type, kind, form ....) of GENERAL
  CLASS
• IN many / different / various WAYS

6
CLASSIFYING

• Basis of the classification
• criteria
• according to characteristics
• on the basis of the following
• based on features
• depending on properties
• whether ( CLAUSE)

7
COMPLETE THE TABLE
8
COMPLETE THE TABLE
9
HOW / AS / LIKE

• HOW
• CÓMO (indirect question) (e.g. He told me how to
  do it)
• LO ADJ/ADV (e.g. Tell me how fast the car runs)
• LIKE
• Adjective IGUAL o SEMEJANTE (opposite
  unlike)
• (e.g. Like poles repel and unlike poles
  attract)
• COMO PARECIDO A, IGUAL (QUE) (if with vb
  -ING)
• (e.g. A computer is like a typewriter)
• Plastics are composed of long chain-like
  molecules called polymers
• COMO POR EJEMPLO (e.g.)
• Some metals, like steel or brass, are alloys
• Expressions
• TO BE LIKE SER COMO (e.g. What is it like?)
• TO LOOK LIKE SER PARECIDO A
• (e.g. This object looks like a square box)

10
AS

• AS as a PARTICLE
• Comparative as ... as
• (e.g. Thermoplastics can be heated as many times
  as required)
• In co-relation with THE SAME the same as
• (e.g. Rubber has the same properties as
  plastics)
• EN CALIDAD DE / COMO (e.g. Oil is used as a fuel)
• AS SENTENCE (Subject Vb)
• COMO (e.g. As I was saying, magnetic fields
  cannot be seen)
• A MEDIDA QUE (e.g. Steel becomes hard as it
  cools down)
• PUESTO QUE Copper is widely used in wires as it
  is ductile
• Expressions
• AS IF / AS THOUGH COMO SI ( subjunctive)
• SO AS TO CON OBJETO DE, PARA ( infinitive)
• AS FAR AS EN CUANTO A , CON RESPECTO A

11
EXERCISE

1. AS expected, the lecture began 2 hours late.
2. I am going to explain HOW electrolysis can be
   used AS a process to coat objects with thin films
   of metals LIKE/SUCH AS chromium or gold.
3. Electroplating is LIKE painting an object but
   covering it with a metal.
4. We can observe HOW the needle moves AS we place
   the compass near a coil.
5. A piece of iron can be used AS a magnet when it
   is magnetized.
6. Thermosets break down AS their temperature rises.
7. Some metals, LIKE/SUCH AS aluminium and copper,
   are pure metals.
8. I have never used a device LIKE this one before.
9. Semiconductors act AS conductors under certain
   conditions but AS insulators under others.
10. Electrons are attracted by positively charged
    particles AS they have a negative electric
    charge.
11. The boiler of a power plant works LIKE a big
    kettle.
12. Some new materials behave LIKE both solids and
    liquids.
13. AS tin is fairly weak, it is not used in
    structures.
14. Computers may change the order of some
    instructions SO AS TO improve performance

12
CONNECTORS

1. Copper is a good conductor, THEREFORE/THUS it is
   used in wires.
2. Cast iron is not used to withstand impact loads
   BECAUSE/AS/SINCE it is a brittle material.
3. Titanium is used for aircraft frames
   BECAUSE/AS/SINCE it is light and strong.
4. Chromium resists corrosion THEREFORE it is added
   to steels to make them rust proof.
5. Aluminium and iron are pure metals WHEREAS/WHILE
   bronze and steel are alloys
6. Stainless steels have a high strength. HOWEVER,
   they are expensive and difficult to machine.
7. Tin is used to coat other materials to protect
   them BECAUSE/AS/SINCE it resists corrosion
8. Tin is expensive THUS/THEREFORE the coats of tin
   are very thin.
9. Nickel chromium improve the properties of
   metals THEREFORE /AS A RESULT they are added to
   steel
10. Alloys, i.e. / THAT IS mixtures of materials,.

13
WORD FORMATION

• NOUN from VERB
• -ing -gt English (e.g. building)
• -tion/sion -gtLatin (e.g. Explanation/emission)
• -ment (e.g. management)
• er/or (object) (e.g. boiler/conductor)
• ure (e.g. mixture)
• ent/ant (e.g. content/coolant)
• nce (e.g. performance)
• age (e.g. drainage)
• al (e.g. disposal)
• y (e.g. discovery)

14
WORD FORMATION

1. EXPOSURE to GASEOUS fluorine.
2. IMPROVEMENTS RESISTANCE FULLY PITTING
3. DENSITY its SUBSTITUTION . WEIGHT HARMFUL
   EMISSIONS
4. its STRENGTH its ABILITY DEFORMATION its
   RESISTANCE to DEFLECTION
5. COMPONENTS CHEMICALLY . ENVIRONMENTALLY safer
   COOLANTS higher PRESSURES

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WORD FORMATION Aluminium

• ACTIVITY
• ENGINEERING
• DEVELOPMENT
• APPLICATIONS
• TOUGHNESS or DUCTILITY
• FAILURE.
• ACCEPTANCE
• COMPONENTS
• REFRIGERANTS or COOLANTS and PRESSURES
• WORKABILITY and corrosion RESISTANCE
• ABILITY
• STRENGTH
• TREATMENT

16
GRAMMAR REVISION

• There are MANY (muchos) types of STEEL (acero)
  DEPENDING ON/ON THE BASIS OF/ACCORDING TO (según)
  the materials added to it.
• For example, steel that contains VERY LITTLE (muy
  poco) CARBON (carbono) is known AS (como) low
  carbon steel, and it is very malleable.
• HOWEVER (Sin embargo) steel with a higher carbon
  content becomes LESS (menos) malleable, AS (ya
  que) carbon makes it harder and THEREFORE (por
  lo tanto) more difficult TO MOULD/SHAPE (de
  moldear), but ON THE OTHER HAND (por otra parte)
  it can resist higher loads.
• Other types of STEEL (acero) include some other
  materials, LIKE/SUCH AS (como) chromium to make
  STAINLESS STEEL (acero inoxidable).
• THUS (Así pues), we can classify steel INTO (en)
  different groups ACCORDING TO (según) the
  properties that we require and HOW (cómo) the
  steel is manufactured.

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THE PERIODIC TABLE

• First classification METALS, SEMIMETALS, NON
  METALS
• USES
• Non-metals Most are GASES Examples OXYGEN and
  NITROGEN in THE AIR
• Used in balloons because they are LIGHT GASES
• Low liquefaction point HELIUM HYDROGEN uses
  PRODUCTION OF LOW TEMPERATURES (e.g.
  SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS and REFRIGERATION
  PURPOSES
• Reactive gases e.g. CHLORINE and FLUORINE.
  Reactions are sometimes a nuisance because they
  produce CORROSION
• Inert gases eg ARGON Uses in INDUSTRY because
  OF THE OPPOSITE REASON (THEY DO NOT CORRODE)
• For example, it is used to create an inert
  atmosphere for THE PRODUCTION OF SPECIAL PLASTICS
• Argon is the cheapest INERT GASES
• Normal atmosphere produces OXIDATION-gt critical
  degradation of the material -gt important if the
  plastic is to be used for OPTICAL TRANSMISSION
  PURPOSES

18
VIDEO

• Not all non-metals are gases
• CARBON Diamond structure -gt natural-gt uses
  JEWELLERY and ornament. Characteristic HARDNESS
  Use in industry CUTTING VERY HARD MATERIALS
• GRAPHITE characteristic VERY SOFT eg. lead
  pencils
• another property CARBON ALSO CONDUCTS
  ELECTRICITY eg. dry cell -gt
• CARBON is used as one of the ELECTRODES
• Another example in commercial electrolytic
  cells USE OF GRAPHITE