The Church and the Crusades

1
The Church and the Crusades
2
The Seven Sacraments

• Baptism
• Confirmation
• Marriage
• Penance
• Eucharist (Communion)
• Transubstantiation
• Extreme Unction
• Anointing the Sick
• Last Rites
• Holy Orders

3
East-West Schism

• Pope Leo IX
• Patriarch Michael Cerularius
• Bull of Excommunication
• Mutual excommunications
• Schism (Split) - 1054
• East
• Eastern Orthodox
• West
• Roman Catholic

4
Corruption Reform

• Diminished in 9th/10th Century
• Corruption
• Clergy Fiefdoms
• Simony
• Politics
• Sexual Immorality
• Reform
• Pope Gregory VII
• Lateran Council 1059
• Cardinals
• Lay Investiture

5
Investiture Controversy

• Pope Vs. Emperor
• Gregory VII vs. Henry IV
• 1076
• German Bishops
• Henry IV
• Excommunication
• Title of Holy Roman Emperor
• German Nobles
• 1077
• Countess Matilda of Tuscany
• Henry again HRE
• 1080
• Clemet III
• Henry excommunicated again
• Invasion of Italy
• 1122 Conference at Worms
• Canon law
• Veto

6
Towards the Crusades

• Byzantine Decline
• New Threats
• Venice, Genoa, and Pisa
• Fatimid Egypt
• Seljuk Turks
• Seljuk Turks
• Nomads from Central Asia
• Mercenaries
• Abbasid Caliphate
• Baghdad 1055
• Sultan

7
Towards the Crusades

• Turkish Conquests
• Parts of Asia Minor
• Armenia
• Battle of Manzikert - 1071

• Jerusalem
• Turkish Capture
• Alexius I
• Appeal to the West

8
The Crusades Begin

• Urban IIs reasoning
• East-West reconciliation
• Embarrass Henry IV
• Stop infighting
• Jerusalem
• 1095 Crusades Begin
• Indulgence
• Crusaders motives
• Religious Fervor
• Possibility for foreign adventure
• Opportunity to get rid of troublesome knights
• Chance to acquire fiefs in the middle east

9
The Peasants Crusade

• Peter the Hermit
• Mob of Peasants
• Balkans
• Terrorizing
• Looting
• Attacks on Jews

• Constantinople
• Battle in Asia Minor
• Slaughter

10
The First Crusade

• Only truly successful Crusade (for Europe)
• Armies
• Mostly French
• Godfrey of Bouillon
• Antioch - 1098
• Jerusalem - 1099
• Many return home
• Egyptian troops invade
• Crusader Kingdoms
• Jerusalem
• Edessa
• Tripoli
• Antioch
• Acre - Port city

11
Second and Third Crusade

• The Second Crusade
• 1147
• Fall of Edessa
• King Louis VII of France
• Conrad III HRE
• Disaster for Europe
• The Third Crusade
• Saladin
• 1187 - Saladin retakes Jerusalem
• Crusade of Kings
• Richard the Lionhearted
• Phillip II Augustus
• Frederick Barbarossa
• Leopold V of Austria
• Phillip Normandy
• Respect between Saladin and Richard the
  Lionhearted

12
Innocent III

• Innocent III
• Most Powerful Medieval Pope
• 1198-1216
• More secular king than moral authority
• Lateran Council of 1215
• Transubstantiation
• Confession
• Jews and Muslims
• Interdict

13
Later Crusades

• The Fourth Crusade - 1202
• Innocent III
• Limited crusaders
• Venetian Merchants
• Sacking of Constantinople
• Childrens Crusade
• Nicholas of Cologne
• 4-5 more major Eastern Crusades
• 1291 - Fall of Acre
• End of the Eastern Crusades
• Jewish-Christian relations
• Muslim-Christian relations

14
European Crusades, Inquisition Militant
Religious Orders

• Albigensian Crusade
• 1208
• Cathars
• Beliefs
• Dualism
• Extreme asceticism
• Southern France
• Innocent III
• Inquisition
• Investigation
• Knights Templar
• 1118
• St. Bernard of Clairvaux
• Teutonic Knights
• Poland
• Pagan Prussia
• 1230 Christian Prussia

15
Dominicans Franciscans

• Domingo de Guzman
• St. Dominic
• Castile
• Work in France
• Preaching Friars
• The Dominicans
• Francesco di Bernardone
• St. Francis of Assisi
• Sells all his possessions
• Did not emphasize withdrawal from the world, but
  joyful devotion
• Rule of the Little Brothers of Saint Francis
• The Franciscans

16
Dominicans Franciscans

• Differences with Old Orders
• Friars rather than Monks
• Stressed apostolic poverty
• mendicant orders
• begging friars
• Friars drew members from small property owners
  and shopkeeps
• Women
• Clare of Assisi
• Order of Poor Ladies
• Poor Clares