A Basic Spelling

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A Basic Spelling

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Title: A Basic Spelling

1
A Basic Spelling Punctuation Review
An English/Reading Mini-Workshop to Help Student
Support Services (SSS) Participants Improve their
English language skills
2
Some Basic Usage Problem Areas
Why not just tell the whole world that I have
problems?

Spelling Errors
Abbreviation
Word division
Capitalization
Homonyms
Contractions
Punctuation Errors

3
Why is it important to pay attention to spelling
or punctuation usage?

To write clear Standard American English (SAE)
messages.
To meet proofreading expectations of and
communication demands on college writers.
To meet your personal writing standards or your
need to write well in your academic, business and
personal lives.
To teach you to assess and evaluate your own
writing strengths or deficits.

4
Supplemental Study Material and Optional
Practice Exercise 1

Carefully read the supplemental study materials
(Proofreading Tips), if they are supplied to
you. If you do not have the supplements, dont
worry. Continue to next slide.
See if you can locate at least four errors on the
page.

5
Back to Basic Grammar

First, Spelling.

6
Spelling Rules

Put i before e
Except after c
Or when it sounds like a
As in neighbor or neigh.
Examples
Line 1mischief (i before e)
Line 2receiver (except after c)
Line 3weight (as in neigh)
Some i before e Exceptions
neither
leisure
foreign

Source http//www.mc3.edu/aa/lal/workshops/wksp_
spelling/spellingrules.html
7
Spelling Rules (Cont.)
If the suffix or verb ending begins with a
vowel, drop the final e. Examples amuse ing
amusing creative ity creativity If the
suffix or verb ending begins with a consonant,
keep the final e. Examples measure ment
measurement definite ly definitely

Source http//www.mc3.edu/aa/lal/workshops/wksp_
spelling/spellingrules.html
8
Spelling Rules (Cont.)
If the word has a consonant before the y, change
the y to i. Example mercy less merciless
If the word has a vowel before the y, keep the
y. Example deploy ed deployed Words that
end in ss, sh, ch or x add -es. Example stitch
stitches boxboxes For words that have a
consonant before a final y, change the y to i
before adding -es. Example summary summaries
Source http//www.mc3.edu/aa/lal/workshops/wksp_
spelling/spellingrules.html
9
Spelling Rules (Cont.)

ENGLISH SPELLING RULES FOR SHORT AND LONG VOWELS
Short Vowels
To spell a short vowel sound, only one letter is
needed Examples combat shred exit
hot super
Long Vowels
To spell a long sound you usually must add a
second vowel, or you may use the consonants y or
w in place of the vowel.
Examples reach loose soup seize sky
Now, pick out the short and long vowel sounds in
this word
Psychological

Answer Psychological
Source http//www.dyslexia.org/spelling_rules.sh
tml
10
Spelling Rules (Cont.)
There are two kinds of suffixes, those that
begin with a vowel and those that begin with a
consonant. Usually spelling problems . . .
occur with vowels.
Vowel Suffixes Vowel Suffixes Consonant Suffixes Consonant Suffixes
- - - age - - -ist - - - ness - - - cess
- - - ant - - - ish - - -less - - -ment
- - -ance - - -ing - - -ly - - -ty
- - - al - - -ar - - -ful - - -ry
- - -ism - - -o - - -hood - - -ward
- - -able - - -on - - -wise
- - -an - - -ous
- - - a - - -or
- - -es - - -ual
- - -ed - - -unt
- - -er - - -um
- - -est - - -us
- - -y - - -ive

Source http//www.dyslexia.org/spelling_rules.sh
tml
11
Spelling Rules (Cont.) Homonyms Homophones
HOMONYMS words that sound similar, but have
different meanings and spellings Example
affect-effect they're-their-there
fell-fail Hint Often, you can use affect as a
verb. Verb His rowdy behavior negatively
affects (influences) many people. Hint The word
effect is used as a noun or verb. Noun
Researchers are studying the effects of the war
on children. Verb Only the president can effect
(bring about or cause) positive
changes. HOMOPHONE a word (type of homonym)
that is pronounced the same as another word.
The words may be spelled differently or the
same. Examples foul (odor) / fowl (bird) or
rose (flower) / rose (past tense of rise)
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_homophonous_p
hrases
12
Spelling Rules (Cont.)
CONTRACTION -- A word or phrase that has been
shortened by leaving out some of the letters is
called a contraction. An apostrophe is used to
show that the letters have been omitted (wont -
will not), (oclock - of the clock). Source
http//www.splashesfromtheriver.com/spelling/spell
ing_rules.htm
13
List of Homonyms / Practice

Review the list.
When you use the wrong homonym, you change the
entire meaning of a sentence.
Practice Examples (Which ones are correct and
why?)
Its time that people stop fighting.
Its time that people stop fighting.
The cat hopped because its paw hurt.
The cat hopped because its paw hurt.
Their heads appeared pointed and large.
There heads appeared pointed and large.
Theyre heads appeared pointed and large.

14
Spelling Rules Capitalization

Unless rules of capitalization are followed, a
word can contain all of the correct alphabets in
the correct order, yet still be wrongly spelled.
The names of holidays are capitalized (Christmas,
Valentines Day).
The names of the months of the year and the days
of the week are capitalized (January, Monday).
The names of countries and continents are
capitalized (United States, Antarctica).
When you write the name of a particular avenue or
street, capitalize the words avenue and street
(Fifth Avenue, Oak Street).
The abbreviations Mr., Mrs. and Ms. are always
capitalized and followed by a period (Mr. Smith,
Mrs. Woods, Ms. Day).
The names of deities are capitalized (God, Allah,
Buddha, Saviour).
The word republican is capitalized when it refers
to the Republican party (The Republicans won the
election.).
When words like senator and general are used as
titles with a persons name, they are
capitalized (General Powell)
Capitalize the words capitol, senate, building,
supreme and court when referring to the Capitol
Building, the Senate, the Supreme Court of
Canada.
Source http//www.splashesfromtheriver.com/spell
ing/spelling_rules.htm

15
Spelling Rules (cont.)
SOME CUES to HELP YOU SPELL SPECIAL WORDS
Compound Words are made by writing two small
words together to make one larger word. (news
paper newspaper some body somebody)A root
word is the root, or beginning word, from which
another word is made. Play is the root word of
plays, played and playing. Knowledge of roots
can cue you into correctly spelling some
words.(Remember the list of vocabulary roots I
handed at the Writing Descriptively
workshop.) Derived words are words that come
from other words. Suitable is derived from suit
advertisement from advertise. Sometimes the
spelling of the root word is slightly changed in
the derived word. Source http//www.splashesfro
mtheriver.com/spelling/spelling_rules.htm
16
General Spelling Rules
For Numbers

Spell small numbers out in sentences. Small
numbers, such as whole numbers smaller than ten,
should be spelled out.
Examples and Exceptions
Ten students passed the exam.
Only 1000 students passed the exam.
One thousand students took the exam. (Spell out
any number if it starts a sentence.)
Of the 1000 students that took the exam, only 25
passed it with at least a grade of D and only 9
students scored a grade of C or better on it.
(Be as consistent as possible.)

Slides info source http//grammar.ccc.commnet.ed
u/grammar/ppt Graphics Microsoft
17
End of Spelling sectionThis way to Punctuation
18
PROPER PUNCTUATION

A Presentation to Help Student Support Services
(SSS) Participants Learn Proper Punctuation
Placement and Avoid Punctuation Pitfalls

19
Relevance Purposes

Relevance Some people write well, yet allow
themselves to be disabled by a fear of
punctuation and grammar. They know how to
pre-write, organize, and revise, but proofreading
for punctuation and grammar causes them
difficulties. Theres no need to fear these
conventions of standard written English. In fact,
these conventions can help you become a more
effective communicator. Gary A. Olson
Purpose This PowerPoint Presentation is to
provide you with a review of proper punctuation
usage.
Quote retrieved at http//lilt.ilstu.edu/golson
/punctuation/intro.html

Commonly-applied Punctuation Marks
Period (.)
Question Mark (?)
Exclamation Point (!)
Apostrophe ( )
Comma (,)
Parentheses ( )
Brackets
Semicolon ()
Colon
Hyphen -
Dash --
Quotation Marks

Note Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation
Points are END MARKS.
Slides info source http//grammar.ccc.commnet.ed
u/grammar/ppt Graphics Microsoft
21
What is an end mark
An end mark is punctuation that comes at the end
of a sentence to let you know when the sentence
ends. Punctuation supports reading by helping
readers know when the writer has fully expressed
an idea or point.
Slides info source http//grammar.ccc.commnet.ed
u/grammar/ppt Graphics Microsoft
22
The period is the most famous end mark. It
comes at the end of statements and commands.
It is raining today. Do not interrupt while I am
talking.
A question mark means something is being asked.
Are you going to lunch?
An exclamation mark shows excitement or strong
Feeling.
That is a huge dog!
Source http//grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/pp
t
23
The period is also used as more than just an end
mark.

It is used in abbreviations, too
1290 College Rd.
E. B. White
Ms. White
Dr. Atchley

Slides info source http//grammar.ccc.commnet.ed
u/grammar/ppt
24
Remember, An end mark comes at the END of a
sentence, and lets you know when to . . .
Now, there are several other members of the
punctuation family.
Please continue to next slide . . .
Slides info source http//grammar.ccc.commnet.ed
u/grammar/ppt Graphics Microsoft
25
The Colon
Not This one . . . ?
The colon is made with two periods. It is used
for time, and it comes before a list. Example
1135pm Example I will need the following
items from the store bananas, grapes,
watermelon, and lemons.
26
The Semi-colon
The semi-colon is made with a period over a
comma. It is a punctuation mark () used to
separate parts of a sentence or list and
indicating a pause longer than a comma, but
shorter than a period. In a sentence, a
transition word may follow the semi-colon. Examp
le Latte is strong however, he is no match for
the heroic energy of the sun.

27
THE DASH
--
I can -- no, I must -- I must dash toward the
finish line.

A dash is a punctuation mark that writers use to
denote a sudden break or shift in thought.
(One dash Two hyphens)
Use the dash
(1) to indicate a break or shift in thought For
example Example Do we -- can we--dare we ask
for more money?
(2) to introduce a word or group of words which
you wish to emphasize. Example What he needed
most he never gotlove.
3) to set off strongly distinguished
parenthetical material Example I think--no, I
am positive -- you should go.
4) to indicate omission of letters and words For
Example Senator S-- was from my hometown.

--
28
THE HYPHEN
-

Mark Of Separation Used Between Parts Of A Word.
USE A HYPHEN
1) To Separate (Join) The Parts Of Compound
Words Examples fast-moving sister-in-law
half-asleep X-ray know-it-all forty-seven
three-fourths
2) To Indicate The Division Of A Word Broken At
The End Of A Line Examples know-ledge,
ste-no-gra-pher
Never divide a monosyllable Example strength,
laughed
Do not divide a syllable with a silent vowel
Example climbed, yelled
Do not divide a word with only 4 letters
Example also, only, open
Divide two consonants standing between vowels
Example struc-ture, alter-native,
exis-ten-tialism
Do not divide sums of money.
Do not divide initials in a name or in proper
names.
Do not divide units of time.

29
"Quotation Marks"

USE QUOTATION MARKS
To enclose every direct quotation and each part
of an interrupted quotation Example What will
my starting salary be? I asked the manager.
Well, he replied, Im not sure.
in a dialogue. Use a separate paragraph for each
change of speaker. Example
Dad, cried Neil.
There, there, everything will be just fine,
his dad said.
3) to enclose words with a widely different level
of usage Example The person who has had it so
far is his mother.
4) to enclose chapter headings and the titles of
articles
Example Grant woods famed painting, American
Gothic, was recently reproduced in American
Gothic Journal.
USE SINGLE QUOTATION MARKS () to enclose a
quotation within a quotation.
Example The coach said, when you say, Ill
be there on time, I expect you to mean what you
say.

Slides info source http//grammar.ccc.commnet.ed
u/grammar/ppt
30
THE APOSTROPHE
. . . looks like a single quotation mark, but is
used for a different purpose.

USES FOR AN APOSTROPHE
To form a possessive. EX Joes mothers
brother
To indicate a contraction. EX Its, which
translates to It is.
To indicate omission of a letter from words or a
figure from numerals. EX Yes, maam.
To indicate the plurals of letters, numerals,
symbols, abbreviations.
EX Only As, Bs and Cs are considered passing
grades at the Art institute.

Slides info source http//grammar.ccc.commnet.ed
u/grammar/ppt Graphics Microsoft
31
THE APOSTROPHE (cont.)

USE THE APOSTROPHE
1) And s to form the possessive case of a noun
not ending in s
Ex Childrens towns
2) To form the possessive case of a plural noun
ending in s
Ex Boys and ladies classrooms
3) Alone or with s to form the possessive of
nouns ending is s
Ex Robert Burns or Burnss (rule words of
one syllable)
and s in the last element of compound nouns
Ex My son-in-laws boat King Henry IVs
funeral somebody elses ticket
5) To show that letters of figures have been
omitted
Ex Arent shouldnt the civil war was fought
1861-65.
6) And s to indicate the plurals of numerals,
letters, etc. Ex Uncrossed ts look like 1s.
He uses too many ands and buts in speaking.

Slides info source http//grammar.ccc.commnet.ed
u/grammar/ppt Graphics Microsoft
32
The Comma ,
The comma is used to separate a list. Example
My favorite animals are giraffes, dogs, cats, and
birds. It is also used between the date and the
year. Example Today is March 6, 2007, and I
plan to enjoy today.
A comma can also tell you where to pause in a
sentence. Example All is well, but not
necessarily forgotten.
33
Parenthesis

Parenthesis -- One of a pair of shallow, curved
signs
(, ) used to enclose an additional inserted word
or comment and distinguish it from the sentence
in which it is found. Parentheses (plural)
Definition from Microsoft version of Encarta
Dictionary English (North America)
Parentheses are round brackets ( )
Example
Riva (Her name means one who captivates or
possesses an ensnaring beauty.) wandered off
into the forest and was lost for three days and
two nights.

34
Bracket

Bracket (1) one of a pair of symbols, often
, used in keying or printing to indicate the
insertion of special commentary, such as that
made by an editor (2) an alternative to
parentheses. Brackets (plural)
Definition from Microsoft version of Encarta
Dictionary English (North America)
Example
Riva Her name means one who captivates or
possesses an ensnaring beauty. wandered off
into the forest and was lost for three days and
two nights.

35
Different Kinds of Brackets