RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

1
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

• Tonsillitis
• Laryngitis
• Common cold
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia

• Pleurisy
• Emphysema
• Cystic fibrosis
• Asthma
• Lung cancer

2
TONSILLITIS

• Tonsillitis is an infection (usually viral) of
  the tonsils
• If a child has many infections, the tonsils are
  surgically removed

3
TONSILLITIS

• It is believed the tonsils help prevent bacteria
  and other pathogens from entering the body
  therefore a removal may increase the number of
  illnesses later in life

4
LARYNGITIS

• Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx
  (vocal cords)
• CAUSES virus
• allergies
• straining
• of voice

5
LARYNGITIS

• When the larynx is inflamed, the vocal cords
  cant vibrate properly therefore the voice is
  hoarse or even non-existent
• TREATMENT rest, fluids, no talking!!

6
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Common Cold
(Infectious Rhinitis)

• Viral (rhinovirus)
• Spread through respiratory droplets
• Highly contagious
• Initially mucous membranes of nose, pharynx
  swollen, increased secretions
• Signs
• Nasal congestion and watery discharge
• Mouth breathing
• Change in tone of voice
• Sore throat, headache, slight fever
• Cough

7
COMMON COLD

• Treatment rest, fluids NOT antibiotics it
  is a virus
• Presently, there is no cure or vaccine

8
COMMON COLD

• The cold virus is spread either through droplets
  in the air or direct contact with an infected
  person or contaminated surface (1 day before
  symptoms appear and up to 5 days after)

9
The best way to reduce the chances of getting a
cold

• WASH HANDS!

10
BRONCHITIS

• An infection of the bronchi
• 2 types
• 1. Acute caused by a bacteria
• - treated with antibiotics

11
BRONCHITIS

• 2. Chronic long term
• - usually caused by an irritant ie smoking
• - cilia become damaged and cant clear
  debris
• - treatment quit smoking

12
(No Transcript)
13
PNEUMONIA

• The alveoli become inflamed and fill with liquid
• Gas exchange is impaired and the body becomes
  starved for oxygen

14
(No Transcript)
15
X-RAY OF PNEUMONIA

• Patient has pneumonia in the right lung (note
  white mass fluid)
• Lungs should appear black on an x-ray

16
"Pneumonia" encompasses many different diseases
that involve infection or inflammation of the
lungs. Pneumonia is caused by a variety of agents
such as bacteria, viruses, and mycoplasmas, among
others. Pneumonia remains an important cause of
morbidity and mortality in the United States in
1996 there were an estimated 4.8 million cases of
pneumonia.Pneumonia affects the lungs in two
ways. Lobar pneumonia affects a lobe of the
lungs, and bronchial pneumonia can affect patches
throughout both lungs.

• Lobular pneumonia

• Lobar pneumonia affects a lobe of the lungs (see
  x-ray), and bronchial pneumonia can affect
  patches throughout both lungs.

17
TYPES OF PNEUMONIA

• LOBULAR

• BRONCHIAL

18
TREATMENT

• BACTERIAL

• VIRAL

• Caused by the bacterium
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Treated with antibiotics
• Can be somewhat prevented with the pneumococcal
  vaccine

• Caused by a virus
• Can be treated with anti-viral medication
• They are usually less severe however a
  secondary bacterial infection can follow which
  is then treated with antibiotics

19
PLEURISY

• The pleura is a sac surrounding the lungs.  It
  consists of two layers, one covering the lung
  (visceral), while the other covers the inside of
  the chest wall or rib cage (parietal).  Between
  the two layers is a space in which a small amount
  of fluid circulates to lubricate the two surfaces
  as they slide over one another during breathing.

20
PLEURISY

• Pleurisy refers to the inflammation (irritation,
  swelling, stickiness) of the pleura. 
• Pleurisy is not a disease, but a symptom of
  another condition (e.g. virus or bacterial
  infection).

21
SYMPTOMS TREATMENT

• SYMPTOMS
• Sharp, stabbing pain in chest usually localized
  in one area

• TREATMENT
• Treat the cause ie virus or bacteria causing
  the pleurisy

22
EMPHYSEMA

• A chronic respiratory disorder
• The alveolar walls break down lose their
  elasticity
• Surface area is greatly reduced breathing is
  difficult

23
EMPHYSEMA

• CAUSE usually from many years of smoking
• Effects are permanent and incurable

24
EMPHYSEMA - treatments

• Low-flow oxygen tank delivers a higher oxygen
  concentration
• Lung volume reduction surgery (LVR) removal of
  damaged tissue to let healthy tissue work more
  efficiently

25
CYSTIC FIBROSIS

• Genetic condition
• An abnormal gene causes the cells lining the
  alveoli to secrete a thick, sticky mucus
• Mucus attracts bacteria and numerous infections
  result

26
CYSTIC FIBROSIS - treatments

• There is no cure life expectancy is usually low
  early 30s
• Medicines are used to thin the mucus
• Antibiotics are given for infections

27
(No Transcript)
28
CYSTIC FIBROSIS

• New treatments include gene therapy
• An inhaler is used to spray healthy versions of
  the abnormal gene the healthy genes can then
  make proper mucus

29
ASTHMA

• Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder
• Bronchi and bronchioles are affected
  bronchiole muscles tighten, mucus is produced
  breathing is difficult

30
ASTHMA - causes

• Generally it is thought that asthma is somewhat
  inherited
• TRIGGERS include pollen, dust, smoke, pets,
  exercise

31
ASTHMA - symptoms

• Chest tightness
• Wheezing
• Night-time cough
• Restricted breathing

32
(No Transcript)
33
ASTHMA - treatments

• IMMEDIATE bronchodilators give immediate
  relief to tightened bronchioles
• Inhalers can be metered - ie medicine is forced
  out by a chemical propellant
• powdered - no propellant

34
ASTHMA - treatments

• LONG-TERM some patients use a corticosteroid
  treatment to control spasms in the bronchioles
  (eg QVAR inhaler)
• Patients with severe asthma may even take
  stronger medications such as Prednisone

35
Obstructive Lung Disease Lung Cancer

• Primary or secondary benign rare
• Primary is major cause of death
• Linked with cigarette smoking
• Metastases develop frequently in lung b/c
• Venous return and lymph vessels bring tumor cells
  from distant site in body ? heart ? lung
• Poor prognosis

36
Normal Lung vs. Cancerous Lung
37
LUNG CANCER

• Abnormal cells multiply and form malignant
  tumours called carcinomas
• Carcinomas impede healthy lung tissue making
  breathing difficult

38
LUNG CANCER - causes

• Carcinogens (cancer-causing agents) in cigarette
  smoke are the leading cause of lung cancer
• Exposure to radon a heavy gaseous radioactive
  element found in rocks, soil and some buildings
• Exposure to asbestos found in some insulation
  ceiling tiles

39
LUNG CANCER - diagnosis

• X-ray
• CT scan (computed tomography a cross-section of
  the lungs is taken)
• Helical low-dose CT scan can detect very small
  tumours (see right)

40
(No Transcript)
41
(No Transcript)
42
Lung Cancertreatment

• Surgery on localized lesions
• Chemotherapy and radiation
• Poor prognosis unless tumor in early stages of
  development

43
TRADITIONAL HEALING

• Many cultures, including native Canadians have
  used natural treatments for a wide variety of
  illnesses for many years

44
TRADITIONAL HEALING

• White willow tea made from the bark contains
  salicin reduces fever (acetyl salicylic acid
  ASA Aspirin )

45
TRADITIONAL HEALING

• Boswellia sap from this tree is used as an
  anti-inflammatory
• Used in the manufacturing of non-steroidal
  anti-inflammatory drugs for arthritis

46
TRADITIONAL HEALING

• Seneca snakeroot contains a milky liquid used
  for treating snakebites
• Also used as a decongestant to loosen mucus in
  the lungs

47
TRADITIONAL HEALING

• Pleurisy root treats colds, coughs, bronchitis,
  pneumonia, and pleurisy

48
TRADITIONAL HEALING

• Licorice root believed to help relieve symptoms
  of common cold
• Rat root helps clear mucus from lungs