Title: Pollination and Dispersal
1Pollination and Dispersal
2Pollination
- Pollination is how gymnosperms (cone-bearing seed
plants) and angiosperms (flowering plants) carry
out sexual reproduction. - Pollen carries the male sex cells from one plant
to the next, allowing plants to cross with other
plants far away. - A vector is a means of moving pollen from plant
to plant. Vectors may be wind or animals.
3Wind Pollination
- All gymnosperms are wind-pollinated.
- Flowering plants that are wind-pollinated have
flowers that lack showy petals. - Anthers and stigma are often long and sticky or
feathery.
4Bee Pollination
- Honeybees seek nectar and pollen.
- Bees can see ultraviolet, and home in on flowers
that are blue, purple, or have UV markings. They
have well-developed sense of smell. - Bees prefer flat platform-shaped flowers or
large, open tubes.
5Hummingbird Pollination
- Hummingbirds seek nectar - LOTS of nectar.
- Hummingbirds dont have a good sense of smell.
They see orange and red the best. - Hummingbirds sip from pendulous tube-shaped
flowers that other nectar-feeders cant access.
6Butterfly Pollination
- Butterflies seek nectar.
- Butterflies are attracted to platform-shaped
flowers or clusters of very small, upright,
tubular flowers. - Butterflies have a keen sense of smell, and can
see orange, yellow, blues, and purples.
7Moth Pollination
- Moths seek nectar.
- Moths have a well-developed sense of smell.
- Moths are attracted to highly-scented, tubular,
bright white flowers.
8Who is the Pollinator?
9Scarlet Gilia
Unscented, nectar-rich
10Moonflower
Evening-blooming, highly scented
11Aster
Nectar and pollen rich
12Ceanothus
Pollen rich
13Nicotiana
Evening-blooming, highly scented
14Fuchsia
Unscented, nectar-rich
15Borage
Good pollen and nectar source
16Echniacea
Abundant pollen, good nectar source
17Asclepias
Good source of nectar and pollen
18Foxglove
Good nectar and pollen source
19Yucca
Scented, nectar-rich
20Buddleia
Highly-scented, nectar rich
21Agastache
Nectar-rich
22Liatris
Good source of nectar and pollen
23Rudbeckia
Abundant pollen, good nectar source
24Observe these two gardens. What have they been
planted to attract?
W O R K T O G E T H E R
25Fruit Dispersal
26Dispersal
- Once a fruit and seeds have formed, its
essential for the seed to be moved away from the
parent plant to avoid competition. - As with pollination, seed dispersal involves many
different vectors. - Adaptations that we see on fruits and seeds helps
tell us what the dispersal vector is.
27Ballistic dispersal
- Some plants disperse their seeds themselves.
- Explosive dry fruits that shatter on contact or
when shaken throw seeds far from the parent
plant. Some fruits use build up hydraulic
pressure until they burst.
28Wind dispersal
- Lightweight dry fruits with wings, parachutes,
and similar wind-catching structures can be blown
away from the parent plant.
29Water dispersal
- Hollow, water-resistant fruits can be dispersed
long distances by moving water.
30Animal dispersal
- Two types of fruits are animal dispersed
- Fruits that can cling to fur.
- Edible fruits whose seeds can go through a
digestive system, or may get discarded when the
animal eats.
31How is it dispersed?
32Mangrove
Hollow, floating fruits. This tree grows in salt
water swamps.
33Cherry
Fleshy, sweet-tasting fruit with a hard pit.
34Thistle
Small, dry fruits have long feathery threads
extending from them.
35Bedstraw
Fruits are small, sticky, with small barbs.
36Squirting Cucumber
Pressure builds inside of the fruit until it
finally pops off of the stem. Juices with
slippery seeds squirt out.