Monotheistic Religions

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Monotheistic Religions

• Judaism
• Christianity
• Islam

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Monotheism

• The belief in one all powerful God.
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Islam

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Characteristics of Judaism

• The father of Judaism Abraham.
• Messiah is yet to come
• Jesus was just another prophet.
• Torah Holy Book of Judaism
• Sabbath Saturday spent in prayer, study, rest,
  and feasting.
• Yahweh God
• Passover Exodus (escape) from Egypt
• The Jewish year includes five major festivals
  Passover, Shabuoth, Sukkot, Rosh Hashanah, and
  Yom Kippurand two minor ones Hanukkah and
  Purim.
• Bible main source of ancient history

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Judaism

• 1900 BC Abraham and his family left Ur and
  settled in Canaan at the request of Yahweh (god).
  
• According to the Bible, God made a covenant (an
  agreement) with Abraham.
• God promised to make a great nation if they would
  remain faithful to God.

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The Exodus from Egypt (Passover)

• The 12 tribes of Israel migrated to Egypt to
  escape famine. Lived peacefully until Egyptians
  tried to enslave them.
• 1200 BC Moses led his people out of Egypt to
  escape. Every year during the feast of Passover,
  Jews celebrate the exodus from Egypt.
• God renewed covenant made with Abraham during the
  exodus. Israelites pledged loyalty to God and
  Gods laws (The Ten Commandments) God promised a
  safe return to Canaan.

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IslamThe Arabian Peninsula

• Traced back to as early as 3000 BC
• Remote empires from North could not invade
• Nomadic
• AD 500 market towns develop.
• Most important was Makkah

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Muhammad

• 610 AD Muhammad experienced a revelation
  (vision) he heard a voice calling him to be an
  apostle of Allah and preach his word.
• One God measured worth of people by devotion and
  good deed. All who believed in God were equal.
  Live lives in preparation for judgment.
• 622 is the 1st year on the Islamic calendar.

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The Islamic State

• Loyalty to community over tribe.
• Wrote everything down in the Quran, including
  messages from the Angel Gabriel became the holy
  scriptures of Islam
• Makkah spiritual capital of Islam.

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Beliefs and Practices

• Quran shows the basic moral values of Islam
• Quran has specific rules guiding daily life i.e.
  forbids gambling, eating pork, drinking alcohol.
• Church and state are unified under Islam.

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Five Pillars of Islam

• 1) Muslims believe in ONE all powerful God
• 2) During the month of Ramadan, Muslims will fast
  from sunrise to sunset (ZERO food)
• 3) Pray FIVE times a day facing Makkah sunrise,
  noon, afternoon, sunset, evening.
• 4) Muslims are expected to take ONE pilgrimage
  (hajj) to Makkah in their lifetime
• 5) Muslims will donate TWO percent of their
  wealth (not income) to charity
• 1 0 5 1 2

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Christianity

• AD 30-AD 33 A Jew named Jesus preached a new
  message to his fellow Jews and winning over
  disciples (followers)
• Disciples believed he was the Messiah
• Roman officials worried anyone who aroused such
  public feeling could endanger Roman rule
• AD 33 Roman governor, Pontius Pilate, arrested
  Jesus as a political rebel and ordered his
  crucifixion.

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The Spread of Christianity

• Disciples claimed that Jesus had risen from the
  dead, evidence that he was the Messiah.
• Son of God
• Those who accepted Jesus and his teaching became
  known as Christians (Christos is the Greek word
  for Messiah) and formed churches.
• Writings, teaching and stories about Jesus New
  Testament of the Bible.

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Persecution Competition

• Christians refused to honor the emperor and
  rejected military service. Romans had Christians
  killed, or threw these martyrs into stadiums to
  be killed by wild beasts in front of cheering
  crowds.
• Many fearful of becoming Christian. Also had to
  compete with polytheistic religions, mystery
  religions and with Judaism.
• AD 200s and 300s Christianity flourished in the
  Mediterranean world.