CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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CGE Training MaterialsNational Greenhouse Gas
Inventories

• Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)
  Sector
• Version 2, April 2012

Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
2
Target Audience and Objective of the Training
Materials

• These training materials are suitable for people
  with beginner to intermediate level knowledge of
  national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory
  development.
• After having read this Presentation, in
  combination with the related documentation, the
  reader should
• Have an overview of how emissions inventories are
  developed for the land use, land-use change and
  forestry sector
• Have a general understanding of the methods
  available, as well as of the main challenges of
  GHG inventory development in that particular
  area
• Be able to determine which methods suits their
  countrys situation best
• Know where to find more detailed information on
  the topic discussed.
• These training materials have been developed
  primarily on the basis of methodologies developed
  by the IPCC hence the reader is always
  encouraged to refer to the original documents to
  obtain further detailed information on a
  particular issue.

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Acronyms

• AD Activity Data
• AGR Annual Growth Rate
• EF Emission Factor
• EFDB IPCC Emission Factor Database
• GPG Good Practice Guidance
• LUCF Land-Use Change and Forestry
• LULUCF Land Use, land-Use Change and Forestry
• RF Removal Factor

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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
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Outline of Course Land Use, Land-Use Change
and Forestry (LULUCF)

• Introduction (slide 5)
• Definitions (slide 6)
• Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (slide 10)
• IPCC good practice guidance for LULUCF (GPG 2003)
  (slide 36)

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Introduction

• This presentation aims to assist non-Annex I
  (NAI) Party experts in preparing GHG inventories
  in the LULUCF sector using the Revised 1996 IPCC
  Guidelines and the IPCC good practice guidance
  for LULUCF (GPG 2003), particularly in the
  context of UNFCCC decision 17/CP.8, focusing on
• The need to shift to GPG 2003 and higher
  tiers/methods to reduce uncertainty
• Overview of the tools and methods
• Review of activity data (AD) and emission factors
  (EF) and options to reduce uncertainty
• Use of UNFCCC inventory software and IPCC
  emission factor database (EFDB).

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Definition of Key Terms

• LUCF (Land-Use Change and Forestry) Land use is
  the type of activity being carried out on a unit
  of land, such as forest land, cropland and
  grassland. The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines refer
  to sources and sinks associated with GHG
  emissions/removals from human activities, which
• Change the way land is used (e.g., clearing of
  forest for agriculture, conversion of grassland
  to forest)
• Affect the amount of biomass in existing biomass
  stocks (e.g., forest, village trees, savanna) and
  soil carbon stocks.
• LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry)
  This includes GHG emissions/removals resulting
  from managed land (involving no change in use,
  such as forest remaining forest land) and
  land-use changes (involving changes in land-use,
  such as grassland converted to forest land or
  forest land converted to cropland).

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Definitions (cont.)

• Source Any process or activity that releases a
  GHG (such as CO2 and CH4) into the atmosphere. A
  carbon pool can be a source of carbon to the
  atmosphere if less carbon is flowing into it than
  is flowing out of it.
• Sink Any process, activity or mechanism that
  removes a GHG from the atmosphere. A given pool
  can be a sink for atmospheric carbon if during a
  given time interval more carbon is flowing into
  it than is flowing out of it.

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Definitions (cont.)

• Activity data Data on the magnitude of human
  activity, resulting in emissions/removals taking
  place during a given period of time (e.g., data
  on land area, management systems, lime and
  fertilizer use).
• Emission factor A coefficient that relates the
  activity data to the amount of chemical compound,
  which is the source of later emissions.
  Emission/removal factors are often based on a
  sample of measurement data, averaged to develop a
  representative rate of emission or removal for a
  given activity level under a given set of
  operating conditions.
• Removal factor Rate at which carbon is taken up
  from the atmosphere by a terrestrial system and
  sequestered in biomass and soil.

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Contribution and Role of LUCF Sector to NAI GHG
Emissions 3 examples

• Argentina, Indonesia and Zimbabwe for 1994
• LUCF sector has a significant impact on national
  net CO2 equivalent emissions in most developing
  countries, being sink or source
• LUCF sector is a net sink for Argentina and
  Zimbabwe
• Net source for Indonesia, which experienced
  forest land conversion of over one Mha
• Inclusion of LUCF sector in the inventory had the
  following impact on GHG emissions
• Argentina Emissions of 119 Tg CO2 when LUCF
  excluded, but 84 TgCO2 when LUCF included
• Indonesia Emissions of 189 Tg CO2 when LUCF
  excluded, but 344 Tg CO2 when LUCF included.
• Zimbabwe Source of 17 Tg CO2 when LUCF excluded,
  but a net sink of 45 TgCO2 when LUCF included.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Basic assumptions

• The flux of CO2 to/from atmosphere is assumed to
  be equal to changes in carbon stocks in existing
  biomass and soils
• Changes in carbon stocks can be estimated by
  establishing rates of change in land use and
  practices that bring about change in land use
• Estimating carbon stocks in land-use categories
• That are not subjected to change
• That are changed.

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Four Default Categories in Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines

• 5A. Changes in forest and other woody biomass
  stocks due to
• Commercial management
• Harvest of industrial roundwood (logs) and
  fuelwood
• Establishment and operation of forest plantations
• Planting of trees in urban, village and
  non-forest locations.
• 5B. Forest and grassland conversion
• The conversion of forests and grassland to
  pasture, cropland etc, can significantly change
  carbon stocks in vegetation and soil.
• 5C. Abandonment of cropland, pasture, plantation
  forests, or other managed lands
• 5D. CO2 emissions and removals from soils
• Cultivation of mineral soils
• Cultivation of organic soils
• Liming of agricultural soils.

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Reporting of GHG Inventory in the LUCF Sector
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
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Basic Steps in Preparing Inventory Using Revised
1996 IPCC Guidelines

• Step 0 The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines do not
  provide a key category analysis approach.
  Inventory experts are encouraged to conduct it
  using GPG 2003.
• Step 1 Select the land-use categories
  (forest/plantations), vegetation types subjected
  to conversion (forest and grassland), changes in
  land-use/management systems (for soil carbon
  inventory).
• Step 2 Assemble the required AD, depending on
  tier selected, from local, provincial, national
  and global databases, including EFDB.

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Basic Steps in Preparing Inventory Using Revised
1996 IPCC Guidelines (cont.)

• Step 3 Collect EF/RF, depending on tier level
  selected, from local/regional/national/global
  databases, including EFDB.
• Step 4 Estimate GHG emissions and removals.
• Step 5 Estimate uncertainty involved.
• Step 6 Report GHG emissions/removals.
• Step 7 Report all procedures, equations and
  sources of data used for GHG inventory estimation.

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Category 5A. Steps

• Step 1 Estimate total biomass carbon uptake by
  using area under different plantations/forests
  (AD) and annual biomass growth rate (removal
  factor).
• Step 2 Estimate total biomass consumption by
  adding commercial harvest, fuelwood consumption
  and other wood use.
• Step 3 Estimate the net carbon uptake or release
  by deducting the consumption or loss from total
  biomass carbon uptake.

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Sources of AD
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Emission/Removal Factors

• The key emission/removal factors include
• annual biomass growth rate, carbon fraction of
  dry matter, biomass expansion ratio.
• Biomass Expansion Ratios (BERs) as given in the
  Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines are required to
  convert commercial roundwood harvested biomass
  (in m3) to total above-ground biomass (in
  tonnes).
• Similarly, AGB/BGB ratio is required to estimate
  BGB using data on AGB and the conversion ratio,
  according to GPG 2003.

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Sources of EF/RF
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Assessment of Emission Factors and Strategy for
Improvement

• To reduce uncertainty, it is desirable to use
  nationally derived AD and EF at as disaggregated
  level as possible.
• Example Annual Growth Rate (AGR) of biomass is
  mean annual above-ground biomass growth rate
  expressed in t/ha/year. AGR varies with
• Forest or vegetation or plantation types (e.g.
  evergreen/deciduous/eucalyptus)
• Climatic region based on latitude and rainfall
  (e.g. humid, sub-humid, semi-arid, arid)
• Age of the forest or plantation stand
• Management system or silvicultural practice (e.g.
  thinning, fertilizer application, fire
  management).

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Short-term Strategy for Improving AGR Values

• Disaggregate the land use, forest or vegetation
  types occurring in the country at as fine a level
  as possible along the following lines or using
  other more nationally relevant stratification
• Different forest types/vegetation
  types/plantations
• Latitude tropical, temperate, boreal
• Rainfall zone (mm/yr) humid (gt2000), semiarid
  (5001000), arid (lt500)
• Age of the stand 05 yr, 5 to 10 yr, 1020 yr, gt
  20yr
• Management system naturally regenerated or
  planted
• Other category.
• Allocate area of different forest
  types/plantations in the country, using forest
  map, rainfall zone map, soil map and other
  statistical information.

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Illustration of UNFCCC Inventory Software
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
Total carbon uptake increment (in kt C) Area of
forest/plantation category (in kha) Annual
growth rate (in t dm/ha) Carbon fraction of dry
matter From UNFCCC Software Sheet 5-1s1
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Category 5B. Forest and Grassland Conversion

• Worksheet 5.2

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Category 5B. Steps

• Step 1 Estimate annual loss of biomass due to
  conversion.
• Step 2 Estimate quantity of carbon released from
  fraction of biomass burned on-site.
• Step 3 Estimate quantity of carbon released from
  fraction of biomass burned off-site.
• Step 4 Estimate carbon released from decay of
  above-ground biomass.
• Step 5 Estimate total annual CO2 release from
  burning and decay of biomass, resulting from
  forest and grassland conversion.

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Issues in Estimating CO2 Emissions from Biomass
Forest and Grassland Conversion

• Lack of compatibility between Revised 1996 IPCC
  Guidelines vegetation types and national
  circumstances or classification
• Absence of forest and grassland conversion data
  for the inventory year as well as the 10-year
  average
• Lack of methods for savanna/grassland burning
• Lack of disaggregated activity data on biomass
  stock before and after conversion
• Lack of clarity on fraction of biomass burnt
  on-site, off-site and left to decay
• Biomass burned for energy is reported in the
  energy sector.

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Sources of AD
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Sources of EF
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Category 5C. Abandonment of Managed Lands

• Worksheet 5-4

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Category 5C. Steps Estimation Procedure

• Step 1 Estimate the annual carbon uptake in
  above-ground biomass, using the area abandoned
  (during the previous 20 years) and annual biomass
  growth.
• Step 2 Estimate the total carbon uptake from
  area abandoned (during 20100 years) and annual
  growth rate.
• Step 3 Estimate the total carbon uptake from
  abandoned land (Step 1 Step 2).

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Issues in Estimating CO2 Uptake from Abandonment
of Managed Lands

• Lack of compatibility between vegetation types
  given in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and
  national classification for abandoned land
• Lack of methods to identify managed land
  abandoned and regenerating
• according to different vegetation types
• for the past 20 years and 20100 years
• Absence of annual data for aboveground biomass
  growth for abandoned land
• according to different vegetation types
• for the past 20 years and 20100 years.

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Category 5D. CO2 Emissions and Removals from Soils

• Worksheet 5-5

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Category 5D. Steps

• Step 1 Changes in soil carbon for mineral soils.
• Step 2 Carbon emissions from intensively managed
  organic soils.
• Step 3 Carbon emissions from liming of
  agricultural soils.

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Methodological and Data Related Issues on Soil
Carbon

• Absence of linkage between biomass carbon and
  soil carbon for different land categories or
  vegetation types
• Ambiguity in classification of land-use/management
  systems, and soil types
• Absence of activity data on land area under
  different conditions
• land-use/management systems
• soil type
• for periods t (inventory year), and t20
• intensively managed organic soils
• Absence of emission factors such as soil carbon
  in mineral soils and annual loss rate of carbon
  in managed organic soils.

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Sources of AD
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Sources of Emission/Removal Factors
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Summary of Methodological Issues/Problems in GHG
Inventory Using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines

• Compatibility of Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
  land categories to national classification
• High uncertainty of inventory, AD and EF
• Lack of disaggregated data, particularly on
  vegetation types
• Lack of clarity for reporting estimates of
  emissions/removals in managed natural forest
• Lack of consistency in estimating/reporting total
  biomass or only above-ground biomass
• Lack of methods for below-ground biomass and for
  incorporating non-forest areas, such as coffee,
  tea, coconut, cashew nut
• Difficulty in differentiating managed
  (anthropogenically impacted) and natural forests
• Ambiguity in terminology, e.g. forest,
  afforestation, reforestation, managed forest
• Complexity of the methodology.

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GPG 2003 LULUCF

• Land-Use Categories and Methods

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Mapping/Linkage Between the Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines and GPG2003

• GPG 2003 is based on a land-use category
  approach, and provides a procedure to link
  inventory estimates of GPG 2003 to the Revised
  1996 IPCC Guidelines, based on Categories 5A to
  5D.
• However, the inventory estimates obtained using
  the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines could be
  different from the estimates obtained using GPG
  2003 due to the following reasons
• Inclusion of additional land categories, e.g.
  agro-forestry, coconut, coffee, tea
• Inclusion of additional carbon pools belowground
  biomass, dead organic matter, etc.
• Estimation of biomass increment and losses in
  each land category, sub-category
• Linking of biomass and soil carbon for each land
  category
• Use of improved default values.

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Reporting of GHG Inventory in the LULUCF Sector
GPG2003
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GPG2003 - Major Advancements 1

• GPG2003 adopted two major advances over the
  Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The first is
• Three hierarchical tiers of methods
• T1 use of default data and simple equations
• T2 use of country-specific data and
• T3 models to accommodate national circumstances.

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Rationale for Adopting GPG2003
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Combination of Tiers

• NAI experts can adopt multiple tiers in the GHG
  inventory for LULUCF sector
• For different land-use categories
• Within a given land-use category for different
  carbon pools
• Within a carbon pool, for activity data and
  emission factor.
• Adopt higher tiers for key categories and
  wherever possible use country-specific, climatic
  region-specific emission/removal factors

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GPG 2003 - Major Advancements 2

• 2. Land-use-category-based approach for
  organizing methodologies
• Six land-use categories to ensure consistent
  representation, covering all geographic areas of
  a country
• Forest land, cropland, grassland, wetland,
  settlements and other lands
• Each land-use category is further disaggregated
  to reflect the past and the current land use
• Forest land remaining forest land
• Lands converted to forest land.

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In addition GPG 2003 includes Key Source/Sink
Category Analysis

• GPG 2003 assists Parties in identifying the key
• Land categories (e.g. forest land, cropland,
  etc.)
• Gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O)
• Carbon pools (living biomass, dead organic matter
  and soil organic carbon).
• The decision trees given in GPG 2003 could be
  adopted
• Decision trees at two levels of disaggregation
• Land remaining in the same land-use category
  (e.g. forest land remaining forest land)
• Land converted to another land-use category (e.g.
  grassland converted to forest).

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Definitions of Land-Use Categories in GPG 2003

• Forest land all land with woody vegetation
  consistent with thresholds used to define forest
  land in the national GHG inventory, sub-divided
  into managed and unmanaged, and also by ecosystem
  type as specified in the Revised 1996 IPCC
  Guidelines. Also includes systems with vegetation
  that fall below, but are expected to exceed, the
  threshold of the forest land category.
• Cropland land that is not forest land or
  grassland. (Arable and tillage land, and
  agro-forestry systems where woody vegetation
  falls below the thresholds used for the forest
  land).

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Definitions (cont.)

• Grassland rangelands and pasture land that is
  not forest land or cropland. (Pasture lands with
  woody vegetation below the threshold used in the
  forest land category and not expected to exceed
  it without human intervention are included).
• Settlements all developed land, including
  transportation infrastructure and human
  settlements of any size, unless they are already
  included under other categories. This should be
  consistent with the selection of national
  definitions.

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Definitions (cont.)

• Wetland land covered or saturated by water for
  all or part of the year and that does not fall
  into the forest land, cropland, grassland or
  settlements categories.
• Other lands includes bare soil, rock, ice, and
  all unmanaged land areas that do not fall into
  any of the other five categories. It allows the
  total of identified land areas to match the
  national area, where data are available.

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Important

• Classify land under only one category to prevent
  double counting.
• It is good practice to combine or disaggregate
  the existing land classes of a land-use
  classification in order to use the categories
  presented here, and to report on the procedure
  adopted.
• It is good practice to specify national
  definitions for all categories used in the
  inventory and report any threshold or parameter
  values used in the definitions.

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Other Categories

• Harvested wood products (HWP), wetlands and other
  sources/sinks
• Default assumption of Revised 1996 IPCC
  Guidelines is that
• HWP pool is constant. So carbon removed in wood
  and other biomass from forests is oxidized in the
  year of harvest
• Countries may report on HWP pools, if they can
  document that existing stocks of forest products
  are in fact increasing
• GPG2003-Appendix provides guidance on
  methodological issues for accounting emissions
  and removals from HWP.

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Land Representation is Key 3 Approaches in GPG
2003
Approach 1
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Approach 2
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Approach 3 Spacially Explicit (GIS required)
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Carbon Pools

• CO2 emissions and removal are estimated for all
  the carbon pools namely
• Aboveground biomass (AB)
• Belowground biomass (BB)
• Soil organic carbon (SOC)
• Dead organic matter (DOM) and woody litter (L)

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Non-CO2 Gases and Sources of Non-CO2 Gases

• Non-CO2 gases estimated include
• CH4, N2O, CO and NOx
• Sources of non-CO2 gases
• N2O and CH4 from forest fires
• N2O from managed (fertilized) forests
• N2O from drainage of forest soils
• N2O and CH4 from managed wetland
• Soil emissions of N2O from land-use conversion.

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Broad Approach and Steps in Adopting GPG 2003

• Accounts for all land-use categories and
  subcategories, all carbon pools and non-CO2
  gases, depending on key source/sink category
  analysis
• Select nationally adopted land-use classification
  system (categories and sub-categories) for
  inventory estimation. Each land category is
  further subdivided into
• Land remaining in the same category (e.g. forest
  land remaining forest land)
• Other land category converted to this land
  category (e.g. grassland converted to forest
  land).

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Broad Approach and Steps in Adopting GPG 2003
(cont.)

• Select appropriate land classification system
  most relevant to country
• Conduct key source/sink category analysis to
  identify the key
• Land categories and subcategories
• Non-CO2 gases
• Carbon pools.

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Steps to Adopting GPG 2003

• Select appropriate tier level for key land
  categories and sub-categories, non-CO2 gases and
  carbon pools, based on key category analysis as
  well as resources available for the inventory
  process.
• Assemble required AD, depending on tier selected,
  from regional, national and global databases.
• Collect EF/RF, depending on tier selected, from
  regional, national and global databases, forest
  inventories, national greenhouse gas inventory
  studies, field experiments and surveys and use of
  EFDB.

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Steps to Adopting GPG 2003

• Select method of estimation, based on tier level
  selected, quantify emissions/removals for each
  land-use category, carbon pool and non-CO2 gas.
  Adopt default worksheet provided in GPG2003.
• Estimate uncertainty.
• Adopt quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
  procedures and report results.
• Report GHG emissions and removals using the
  reporting tables.
• Document and archive all information used.

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Features of Land-category-based Approach Forest
Land

• Estimates carbon stock changes and GHG
  emissions/removals associated with changes in
  biomass and soil organic carbon on forest land
  and lands converted to forest land
• Forest land remaining forest
• Land converted to forest
• Provides methodology for five carbon pools
• Links biomass and soil carbon pools for the same
  land areas (at higher tiers).

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Where ?C FFLB annual change in carbon stocks
in living biomass (includes above- and
belowground biomass) in forest land remaining
forest land, tonnes C yr-1 C t2 total carbon in
biomass calculated at time t2, tonnes C C t1
total carbon in biomass calculated at time t1,
tonnes C V merchantable volume, m3 ha-1 D
basic wood density, tonnes d.m. m-3 merchantable
volume BEF2 biomass expansion factor for
conversion of merchantable volume to aboveground
tree biomass, dimensionless.
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Features of Land-category-based Approach
Cropland

• Provides methods for estimating carbon stock
  changes in living biomass, mineral soils and in
  organic soils
• Provides methods for estimating annual N2O
  emissions from mineral soils due to addition of
  nitogen (in the form of fertilizer, manure and
  crop residue) and nitrogen released by soil
  organic matter mineralization
• These categories are estimated and reported in
  the agriculture sector in Revised 1996 IPCC
  Guidelines.

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Features of Land-category-based Approach
Grassland

• Methodology for estimating carbon stock changes
  in living biomass and soils in grassland and
  lands converted to grassland
• Estimates annual change in carbon stocks in
  living biomass and soil organic carbon (mineral
  soils and cultivated organic soils) in grassland
  remaining grassland and lands converted to
  grassland
• Methodology for estimating non-CO2 emissions from
  vegetation fires based on area of grassland
  burned, mass of available fuel, combustion
  efficiency and emission factor for each GHG from
  grassland remaining grassland and land converted
  to grassland.

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Features of Land-category-based Approach
Wetlands

• The GHGs estimated include CO2, CH4 and N2O
• Methodology for estimating GHGs for wetlands
  remaining wetlands is given in the Appendix and
  for GHGs from lands converted to wetlands in
  the main text
• Estimates changes in carbon stocks in lands
  converted to wetlands due to peat extraction and
  land converted to flooded land
• Estimates N2O emissions from peatland drainage
  and flooded land and CH4 emissions from flooded
  land.

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Features of Land-category-based Approach
Settlements and Other Land

• Settlements
• Provides methodology for estimating CO2 emissions
  and removals for lands converted to settlements
  and methodology is given in Appendix for
  settlements remaining settlements
• Methods for estimating annual change in carbon
  stocks in living biomass in forest lands
  converted to settlements based on area of land
  converted and carbon stock in living biomass
  immediately before and after conversion to
  settlements.
•  Other land
• Changes in carbon stocks and non-CO2
  emissions/removals need not be assessed for
  category of other land remaining other land
• Methodology provided for estimating annual change
  in carbon stocks in land converted to other
  land based on estimates of change in carbon
  stocks in living biomass and SOC.

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Improvements for the Future

• Non-Annex I Parties may have to
• Initiate dedicated inventory programmes
• Provide infrastructural and technical support for
  sustained inventory process.
• This may involve
• Organizing periodic forest inventories
• Use of satellite or remote-sensing-based land-use
  maps
• Development of nationally relevant
  emission/removal factors.
• It is likely that many NAI Parties lack resources
  needed to initiate satellite-based monitoring
• Obtain satellite maps from institutions such as
  FAO, UNEP and NASA and undertake ground truthing.

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Short-term Strategy

• Check Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, GPG 2003,
  EFDB and other global sources and select the
  closest default values
• Check whether any national forest inventory
  studies are available (many NAI Parties have
  them) and collect the growth rate data
• Review the national and international literature
  (web sites of FAO, CGIAR centres, universities,
  books and reports)
• Compile all the parameter values available from
  national and international sources for the
  disaggregated or stratified forest/plantation
  types
• Select the most appropriate AGR for each stratum
  of the forest/plantation types.

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Long-term Strategy for Improving AGR Values

• Initiate national forest inventory studies
• Disaggregate/stratify the forest/plantation types
• Adopt sampling technique as explained in GPG2003
  (Chapter 3 and 4)
• Adopt permanent plots with proper boundaries
  marked for periodic revisits
• Refer to any text book on forest mensuration or
  web sites such as www.winrock.org, www.cifor.org,
  etc., for methods of measurement and estimation
• Estimate the standard deviation or variance.

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Comparing Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelinesand GPG
2003
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Comparison of GPG 2003 and the Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines
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Key Activity Data Required for GPG 2003 and
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
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Key Emission Factors Required for GPG 2003 and
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines

• Emission factors common to both
• Aboveground biomass growth rate, biomass density
  
• Aboveground biomass stock, soil carbon density
• Fraction of biomass left to decay.

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Conclusion and Strategy for the Future
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines

• NAI experts and compilation and synthesis reports
  by UNFCCC have identified a number of issues and
  problems in using the Revised 1996 IPCC
  Guidelines, including
• Lack of clarity in the methods and inadequacies
  of the methods
• Lack of AD and EF
• Low quality or reliability of AD and EF
• High uncertainty of AD and EF, leading to
  uncertainty in inventory estimates
• Unsuitability.

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GPG 2003

• GPG 2003 was intended to overcome some of the
  methodological issues/problems identified in
  using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
• Suggests methods to reduce uncertainty
• Suggests an improved land category and full
  carbon (and non-CO2 gases) estimation based
  approach and methods.
• Adoption of GPG 2003 approach will lead to
• Full and consistent representation, consideration
  and reporting of all land categories
• Full carbon (all 5 carbon pools) estimation
• Reduced uncertainty
• Efficient use of limited inventory resources.

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Thank you!
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
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