Adverbial Clauses and Phrases

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Adverbial Clauses and Phrases

• Lesson 8

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Santa Clause does like to write.
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Well discuss two type of clauses.
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Independent
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IndependentShe came to the U.S.
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Dependent (Adverb Clause)
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Dependent (adverb clause)so that she could be
with her relatives.
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Independent and dependent She came to the U.S.
so that she could be with her relatives.
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Independent and dependent So that she could be
with her relatives, she came to the U.S.
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Independent / Dependent

• She came to the U.S. So that she could be with
  her relatives.
• If she saves enough money, she will visit her
  first country.
• She came to Canada before she came to the
  U.S.
• Because of war, many Bosnians came to the
  U.S.
• Even though she didnt know English, she came
  to Canada.

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Independent / Dependent

• She came to the U.S. So that she could be with
  her relatives.
• If she saves enough money, she will visit her
  first country.
• She came to Canada before she came to the
  U.S.
• Because of war, many Bosnians came to the
  U.S.
• Even though she didnt know English, she came
  to Canada.

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Independent / Dependent

• She came to the U.S. So that she could be with
  her relatives.
• If she saves enough money, she will visit her
  first country.
• She came to Canada before she came to the
  U.S.
• Because of war, many Bosnians came to the
  U.S.
• Even though she didnt know English, she came
  to Canada.

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5 Types of Adverbial Clauses

• Time
• Reason
• Purpose
• Contrast
• Conditions

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5 Types of Adverbial Clauses

• Time (before)
• Reason (because)
• Purpose (so that)
• Contrast (even though)
• Conditions (if)

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Types of Adverbial Clauses

• Time Clauses (She went to Canada before she came
  to the U.S.
• Reason Clause ( She went to Canada first because
  she couldnt get a visa for the U.S.
• Purpose Clause (She came to the U.S. so that she
  could be with her relatives

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Types of Adverbial ClausesCont.

• Contrast Clause (She came to the U.S. even though
  she didnt know English.
• Condition Clause (She will go back to her country
  if she saves enough money.

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Language note

• An adverbial clause is dependent on the main
  clause and MUST be attached.
• Wrong She came to America. Because she wanted to
  study.
• Right She came to America because she wanted to
  study.

• The dependent clause can come before or after the
  independent clause.
• If it comes before, it is usually separated by a
  comma.
• Even though Im not tired, I think Ill take a
  break.

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Reasons and purposes

• Many Irish came to the U.S. because of hunger.
• Since you are late, you will need a pass.
  (similar to because)
• In order to make money, my family came to the
  U.S.
• Some people came to the U.S. for freedom.

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Reasons and purposes(cont.)

• Many people come to the U.S. so that they can be
  reunited with family. (present tense)
• So that I would learn English, I came to Canada.
  (past tense)

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Page 330Read Reason and PurposeCreate 6
sentences

• because
• because of
• since
• for
• in order to
• so that

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Page 331 and 3321 and 2

• because
• because of
• since
• for
• in order to
• so that

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Answers for ex. 1 p. 331

• 1.because
• 2. so that
• 3. so that
• 4. because
• 5. because of
• 6. in order to
• 7. Since
• 8. in order to
• 9. for
• 10. so that
• 11. to
• 12. because
• 13. for

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Time Expressions

• When at that time immediately after that time
• Whenever any time or every time
• Until up to that time
• Since/ ever since from that time in the past to
  the present
• For the amount of time

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Time Expressions Cont.

• During use with day, night, month, summer or a
  specific time period.
• While / as with a continuous action
• Notes
• For is an amount of time, but during is with a
  named time period.
• When used with a sample past action
• While used with a continuous action (ing)

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Now practice in your journal

• Page 337 Exercises 4 and 5 (only write the
  answers)

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Answers p. 337 ex 4

1. Until
2. Since
3. While
4. During
5. When
6. For
7. During
8. While
9. While
10. Since
11. When
12. While
13. For
14. until

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Answers p. 337 and 338 ex. 5

• Whenever
• (every time)
• 2. For
• 3. Whenever
• 4. When
• 5. For
• 6. When
• 7. While 14. until
• 8. Until
• 9. Since
• 10. Since
• 11. For
• 12. While
• 13. During

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To Show Contrast

• For an unexpected result or contrast of ideas,
  use a clause beginning with
• Even though
• Although
• In spite of the fact that
• Try using each of these phrases in a sentence
  with a partner.

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Note on in spite of

• Use in spite of noun phrase to show contrast.
• A clause does not follow in spite of
• Ex In spite of their hard lives, the lost Boys
  are hopeful about their futures.

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Still and Anyway

• Still and anyway can be used in the main clause
  to emphasize the contrast.
• Ex Even though the Lost Boys are happy in the
  U.S., they still miss their families.
• Ex Even thought its hard for an immigrant to
  work and go to school, they have to do it anyway.

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Lets Practice!

• Find a partner and complete the sentences out
  loud. Do NOT write
• P. 343 Ex. 10 and 11
• Examples for 10
• I like my apartment even though the rent is high.
• 6. I like my job in spite of the fact that my
  boss doesnt handle conflict well.
• Example for 11 (make a contrast.)
• Even though the U.S. is a rich country, there are
  many homeless.

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Scored Review

• Use the following phrases in sentences.
• Write on a piece of paper and hand in
• While (ing verb)
• Whenever
• Ever since
• Until
• Even though. . .still
• Although. . .anyway
• In spite of the fact that

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Transitions(Sentence Connectors)

• However, Nevertheless Show contrast (similar to
  but)
• Ex. The U.S. is not a perfect country.
  Nevertheless, many people want to immigrate here.
• In addition, Furthermore, Moreover add more
  information (similar to and)
• Ex My sister came to the U.S. to earn money.
  Furthermore, she wanted to be reunited with her
  family.

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Transitions Cont.

• Therefore, As a result, For this reason show
  result or conclusion. (similar to so)
• Ex Many couples in China prefer sons. As a
  result, the majority of adoptions from China are
  girls.

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Punctuation Note

• Use either a period or a semicolon () before a
  transition.
• A comma is used after the connector.
• Ex My friends couldnt adopt a baby here.
  Therefore, they went to another country to adopt.
• Ex My friends couldnt adopt a baby
• here therefore, they went to another country to
  adopt.

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Lets Practice!

• Write the answer in your journal after your
  notes.
• Page 352-354 Ex 18 1-21

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So. . .that/ Such. . .that

• Such adjective noun that
• Ex. The Sudanese Boys had such an awful trip that
  many of them died along the way.
• Ex. We waited such a long time to catch the bus
  that we missed the concert.

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So. . .that/Such thatcontinued

• So adjective that
• So adverb that
• Ex. Foreign adoption is so expensive that many
  people cannot afford it.
• Ex. Small children learn English so easily that
  the become fluent in a short time.

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So. . .that/Such thatWith Countable Nouns

• So many plural count noun that
• So few plural count noun that
• Ex. There are so many students in the room that
  we dont have enough desks for them.
• There are so few desks available that many
  students need to sit on the floor.

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So. . .that/Such thatWith uncountable nouns

• So much noncount noun that
• So little nonount noun that
• Ex. There was so much poverty in Ireland in the
  1800s that Irish people were forced to leave.
• Ex The Sudanese Boys had so little to eat that
  many of them died.

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Lets practice

• Write your answers in your journal beneath your
  notes.
• Page 357 Ex. 21 1-10