26 DECEMBER 2004

1
26 DECEMBER 2004

• 07.58.53
• OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA

2

• A TRAGEDY SLOWLY UNFOLDS

3
Anguish
Terror
Pain
Fear
Desperation
Worry
Panic
Horror
Distress
Misery
Sadness
Grief
4
Location in SE Asia
About here
Location 3.267N, 95.821E
5

• Preliminary Earthquake Report
• A great earthquake occurred on Sunday, December
  26, 2004. The magnitude 9.0 event has been
  located OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA.

6
Earthquake and Tsunami Dec. 2004
Epicentre just off the Sumatra coast Location
3.267N, 95.821E
7
Sumatra Earthquake 29Dec. 2004

• Location 3.267N, 95.821E
• Date/Time Sunday, December 26, 2004 at
  75853 AM local time at epicentre
• Magnitude 9.0
• Depth 30 km (18.6 miles)
• Region OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN
  SUMATRA

8
(No Transcript)
9
Aftershocks were common
10

• Aftershock Preliminary Report
• Magnitude 5.7
• Date-Time Wednesday, December 29, 2004 at
  211259 (UTC) - Coordinated Universal Time
• Location 5.20N 94.71E
• Depth 25.8 kilometres
• Region NORTHERN SUMATRA, INDONESIA
• Reference
• 75 km (45 miles) WSW of Banda Aceh, Sumatra,
  Indonesia345 km (215 miles) SSE of Misha,
  Nicobar Islands, India1140 km (710 miles) SW of
  BANGKOK, Thailand1830 km (1140 miles) NW of
  JAKARTA, Java, Indonesia

11

• The earthquake was felt (VIII) at Banda Aceh and
  (V) at Medan, Sumatra. It was also felt in
  Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar,
  Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
• This is the fourth largest earthquake in the
  world since 1900 and is the largest since the
  1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska earthquake

12
(No Transcript)
13
Tsunami formation
14
Spread of the Tsunami
15
Tsunami Travel Time (in hours) for the entire
Indian Ocean
16

• Felt Reports on December 29th
• At least 27,000 people were killed by the
  earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia.
• Tsunamis killed at least 18,000 people in Sri
  Lanka, 4,300 in India, 1,400 in Thailand, 100 in
  Somalia, 52 in Maldives, 44 in Malaysia, 30 in
  Myanmar, 10 in Tanzania, 3 in Seychelles, 2 in
  Bangladesh and 1 in Kenya.

17

• Tsunamis also occurred on the coasts of Cocos
  Island, Mauritius, and Reunion.
• The tsunami crossed into the Pacific Ocean and
  was recorded along the west coast of South and
  North America.

18
Tsunami Definition

• Tsunamis are NOT tidal waves. Tidal waves are
  caused by the forces of the moon, sun, and
  planets upon the tides, as well as the wind as it
  moves over the water

19
Why It Happened

• Earthquakes are the result of sudden jerky
  movements of sections of the earths crust.
• These sections are called PLATES.
• These crustal plates are floating on the mantle
  underneath.
• The movement of these plates is responsible for
  the movement of the continents.

Click here for convection currents in the
mantle.swf animation
20
....the creation of todays continents
The destruction of Pangaea and ..
Click here for Pangaea.swf animation
21
World Distribution of Plates
22
Plate Boundary movements
23
Convergent or Destructive Plates
Click here for destructive plate margins.swf
animation
24
Convergent plates creating Island Arcs
Click here for Island Arc animation
25
Where the Earthquake actually happened
West of Northern Sumatra
Eurasian Plate
Australian Plate
30km deep
26
Crustal Plates in Indonesia
About here
27
(No Transcript)
28
Plate Movements in animation

• Wycombe School Animations Web Site
• Pangaea.swf
• constructive plate boundaries..swf
• destructive plate margins.swf
• convection currents in the mantle.swf

29
Other hyperlinks to earthquake web sites

• http//science.howstuffworks.com/earthquake.htm
• http//www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/tectonic.htm
  

30

• http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4136
  289.stm
• Plate Tectonics1.ppt
• Plate Tectonics2.ppt

31
The effects of the tsunami triggered by the
earthquake.
32
Along the coasts nothing escaped
33
Buildings were washed out
34
Some are lucky and find their relatives others
are not so fortunate and have to check the
makeshift mortuaries
35
Looking for relatives
36
Hospitals were stretched to capacity
37
Even in these desperate times looting can be a
problem
38
A desperate need..for world aid

• The urgent need for clean water, health care,
  food and shelter for the millions left destitute
  by the Asian tsunami is becoming clearer.

39
Aid is arriving but there are few roads to
deliver it on
40
(No Transcript)
41
(No Transcript)
42
Help arrives in the form of the Red Cross
and bundles of clothing
43
Ships and aircraft with large amounts of aid are
descending on regions hit by last Sunday's Indian
Ocean tsunami.
44
Their first meal since the earthquake
45
KEY AID PLEDGES

• EU 44m
• US 35m
• Canada 33m
• Japan 30m
• UK 28.9m
• Australia 27m
• France 20.4m
• Denmark 15.6m

• Saudi Arabia 10m
• Norway 6.6m
• Taiwan 5.1m
• Finland 3.4m
• Kuwait 2.1m
• Netherlands 2.6m
• UAE 2m
• Ireland 1.3m
• Singapore 1.2m

46
By the 1st January 2004..

• At least 124,000 people have died in the tsunami.
  The UN says the toll is nearing 150,000 and may
  never be known.

People are still trying to find those missing
47

• 1. Indonesia 80,2462. Sri Lanka 28,627 3.
  India (inc Andaman and Nicobar Is) 9,6544.
  Thailand 4,812
• 5. Somalia 2006. Burma 607. Maldives
  738. Malaysia 72
• 9. Tanzania 10
• 10. Seychelles 1
• 11. Bangladesh 2
• 12. Kenya 1

DEATH TOLL ON 1ST January 2005
48
Problems now

• Cholera, malaria, dengue fever and diarrhoeal
  diseases.
• Food in very short supply.
• Water supplies contaminated.
• Communications and transport often severely
  interrupted.
• Telephone lines destroyed .
• Airports damaged or flooded.
• Roads impassable.
• Land mines were floated by the floods so now they
  could be anywhere.
• Corruption also a concern.

49
Recording an Earthquake
P waves arrive first
Love waves arrive last
S waves arrive second
Click here for Seismometer animation
50

• Seismic wave animation
• For USGS information
• http//earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/2004/usslav
  /

51
Major World Earthquakes

• Location
  Date Magnitude
• Chile
  1960 9.5
• 2.Prince William Sound, Alaska
  1964 9.2
• 3.Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands 1957
  9.1
• 4.Kamchatka
  1952 9.0
• 5.Off the coast of Equador
  1906 8.8
• 6.Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands
  1965 8.7
• 7.India-China border
  1950 8.6
• 8.Kamchatka
  1923 8.5
• 9.Banda Sea, Indonesia
  1938 8.5
• 10.Kuril Islands
  1963 8.5

The December 26 earthquake is now the fourth
largest
52
RICHTER SCALE

• Magnitude of Earthquake, Effects, and Estimated
  Number Each Year
• 2.5 or less. Usually not felt, but can be
  recorded by seismograph. 900,000 a year.
• 2.5 to 5.4 Often felt, but only causes minor
  damage.
• 30,000 a year
• 5.5 to 6.0 Slight damage to buildings and other
  structures.
• 500 a year.
• 6.1 to 6.9 May cause a lot of damage in very
  populated areas.
• 100 a year.
• 7.0 to 7.9 Major earthquake. Serious damage.
• 20 a year.
• 8.0 or greater. Great earthquake. Can totally
  destroy communities near the epicentre.
• One every 5 to 10 years.

53
Mercalli Intensity Scale

• Number Name Description
  of Effects
• I Instrumental Detected
  by seismography, not felt by humans
• II Feeble
  People in tall buildings may notice a slight
  movement
• III Slight
  People indoors may experience the tremor, but
  very little other effect
• IV Moderate Hanging
  objects may swing, parked cars might rock
• V Rather strong A stronger
  shudder which might waken sleepers and cause
  crockery to overturn or break
• VI Strong
  Stronger shaking, can cause people to fall over
  and walls and ceilings to crack
• VII Very strong Loose
  bricks can fall, people fall over, damage to
  poorly-constructed buildings
• VIII Destructive Tall
  buildings sway, furniture breaks, cars swerve
• IX Ruinous Ground
  cracks, well-constructed buildings damaged, pipes
  break
• X Disastrous
  Landslides, buildings fall, ground cracks widely
• XI Very disastrous Bridges and
  buildings destroyed, large fissures open,
  railtracks buckle
• XII Catastrophic Rocks moved,
  objects thrown about, large amounts of destruction

54
Major tsunami