The Cold War, NATO, NORAD

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The Cold War, NATO, NORAD
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• What was the Cold War?

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The Cold War

• The Cold War is the name given to the
  relationship that developed primarily between the
  USA and the USSR after World War Two.

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The Cold War

• The Cold War was to dominate international
  affairs for decades and many major crises
  occurred - the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam,
  Hungary and the Berlin Wall being just some.
• For many the growth in weapons of mass
  destruction was the most worrying issue.

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The Cold War

• USSR in 1945 had the same borders as Russia
  post-1917
• This included all the various countries that now
  exist individually (Ukraine, Georgia etc)

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Europe, 1945 - 1989
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Europe, 2012
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The Cold War

• Logic would dictate that as the USA and the USSR
  fought as allies during World War Two, their
  relationship after the war would be firm and
  friendly.
• This never happened and any appearance that these
  two powers were friendly during the war is
  illusory.

Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and
Joseph Stalinat the Yalta Conference in February
1945.
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The Cold War

• The Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, was also
  distrustful of the Americans after Truman only
  told him of a new terrifying weapon that he
  was going to use against the Japanese.
• The first Stalin knew of what this weapon could
  do was when reports on Hiroshima got back to
  Moscow.

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Europe Post WWII

• The scene after WWII
• Both sides distrusted the other.
• One had a vast army in the field (the Soviet
  Union with its Red Army supremely lead by Zhukov)
  while
• the other, the Americans had the most powerful
  weapon in the world, the A-bomb and the Soviets
  had no way on knowing how many America had.

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What exactly was the Cold War?

• In diplomatic terms there are three types of war.
• Hot War this is actual warfare. All talks have
  failed and the armies are fighting.

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• 2. Warm War this is where talks are still going
  on and there would always be a chance of a
  peaceful outcome but armies, navies etc. are
  being fully mobilised and war plans are being put
  into operation ready for the command to fight.

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• 3. Cold War this term is used to describe the
  relationship between America and the Soviet Union
  1945 to 1980.
• Neither side ever fought the other - the
  consequences would be too appalling - but they
  did fight for their beliefs using client states
  who fought for their beliefs on their behalf.

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The Cold War

• e.g. South Vietnam was anti-communist and was
  supplied by America during the war while North
  Vietnam was pro-Communist and fought the south
  (and the Americans) using weapons from communist
  Russia or communist China.
• In Afghanistan, the Americans supplied the rebel
  Afghans after the Soviet Union invaded in 1979
  while they never physically involved themselves
  thus avoiding a direct clash with the Soviet
  Union.

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The Cold War

• The one time this process nearly broke down was
  the Cuban Missile Crisis. 

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The Cold War

• Handouts
• Canada and the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Causes of the Cold War

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Cold War Defences
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NATO

• In 1949, Canada and the United States joined with
  ten western European countries to form the North
  Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
• Its purpose was to defend Europe and the North
  Atlantic from Soviet aggression.

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NATO

• Although primarily a defensive alliance, NATO had
  an economic advantage for Canada as well, since
  such an arrangement binds together all of
  Canada's trading partners.
• NATO was a real threat to the Soviets.

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NATO

• In 1955, they formed their own alliance, the
  Warsaw Pact, with the Soviet satellite countries
  of Eastern Europe. In the event of attack by
  NATO countries, the Warsaw Pact members agreed to
  come to each other's defence.

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Countries involved in the Warsaw Pact, 1955
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NORAD

• In 1957, Canada signed a treaty with the United
  Sates that created the North American Air Defence
  System (NORAD)
• Aimed at protecting North American from Soviet
  attack - NORAD joined Canadians and American
  fighter, missile and radar units under a single
  command center.

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NORAD

• NORAD headquarters are located deep inside a
  mountain in Colorado. The commander in chief is
  an American general.
• A Canadian general serves a deputy commander.
  Both are always in direct contact with the
  American president and the Canadian prime
  minister, whose approval would be necessary for
  an attack or counterattack.

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NORAD and Santa

• The program began on December 24, 1955 when a
  Sears department store placed an advertisement in
  a Colorado Springs newspaper which told children
  that they could telephone Santa Claus and
  included a number for them to call. However, the
  telephone number printed was incorrect and calls
  instead came through to Colorado Springs'
  Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) Center.

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NORAD and Santa

• Colonel Shoup, who was on duty that night, told
  his staff to give all children that called in a
  "current location" for Santa Claus. A tradition
  began which continued when the North American
  Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) replaced CONAD
  in 1958.

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NORAD and Santa

• Today, NORAD relies on volunteers to make the
  program possible. Each volunteer handles about
  forty telephone calls per hour, and the team
  typically handles more than 12,000 e-mails and
  more than 70,000 telephone calls from more than
  two hundred countries and territories.

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DEW

• Canada's geographical position between the United
  States and the Soviet Union makes it vital to
  North American's defence.
• Canada worked closely with the U.S. to monitor
  northern airspace and warn off aircraft that
  intruded there.

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DEW

• In 1957, the United States and Canada built a
  line of long-range warning stations, known as
  Distant Early Warning (DEW) stations, to monitor
  airspace activity.
• If any station - there were fifty in total -
  detected missiles or aircraft of unknown origin,
  it sent a message to NORAD headquarters in
  Colorado.

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DEW

• Although both Canada and the United States were
  involved in the creation of DEW stations, the
  250 million cost of building these radar
  stations was paid for solely by the United States.

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• Reading Impact on Society page 293-294 and answer
  questions 1-3.
• The Debate of Nuclear Warheads