Support, movement and locomotion

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Support, movement and locomotion

• INTRODUCTION

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Objectives

• List and describe the major functions of the
  skeletal system.
• List, describe and give specific examples of the
  types of bones.
• List and describe the two major divisions of the
  skeletal system and the bones which compose each.
• Describe the process of bone formation.
• List and describe the various types of joints.

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Functions of the Skeletal System

• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation

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Classification of Bones by Shape

• Long bones
• Typically longer than wide
• Have a shaft (long, central cylinder) with heads
  at both ends
• Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples Femur, humerus
• Short bones
• Generally cube-shape
• Contain mostly spongy bone
• Examples Carpals, tarsals
• Flat bones
• Thin and flattened
• Usually curved
• Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of
  spongy bone
• Examples Skull, ribs, sternum
• Irregular bones
• Irregular shape
• Usually with projections (processes) or openings
  (foramen)
• Do not fit into other bone classification
  categories
• Example Vertebrae and hip

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Classification of Bones by Shape
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Divisions of the Skeleton

• The Skeleton is divided into two major regions
• a. Axial Skeleton
• b. Appendicular Skeleton
• The Axial Skeleton forms the longitudinal part of
  the body
• Divided into three parts
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Bony thorax
• The Appendicular skeleton is composed of the
  appendages and the joints which attach them to
  the axial skeleton
• Limbs (appendages)
• Pectoral girdle (shoulder, scapula, and
  clavicle)
• Pelvic girdle (pelvis)

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Divisions of the Skeleton
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Axial Skeleton The Skull

• Two sets of bones
• Cranium
• Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures (fixed, non-movable
  joints)
• Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable
  joint

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Axial Skeleton The Skull
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Axial Skeleton The Skull
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Axial Skeleton Hyoid Bone

• The only bone that does not articulate with
  another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

Figure 5.12
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Axial Skeleton Vertebral Column

• Vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs
  composed of fibrocartilage
• The spine has a normal curvature
• Each vertebrae is given a name according to its
  location

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Axial Skeleton Vertebral Column
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Axial Skeleton Anterior Thorax

• Forms a cage to protect major organs
• Made-up of two parts
• 1. Sternum
• 2. Ribs

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Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle

• Composed of two bones
• Clavicle collarbone
• Scapula shoulder blade
• These bones allow the upper limb to have
  exceptionally free movement

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Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)
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Appendicular Skeleton Brachium Region

• The arm is formed by a single bone
• Humerus

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Appendicular Skeleton Antebrachium Region

• The forearm has two bones
• Ulna (side adjacent to little finger)
• Radius (side adjacent to thumb)

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Appendicular Skeleton Carpus, Manus, and Digits
Region

• The hand
• Carpals wrist
• Metacarpals palm
• Phalanges fingers

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Articulations Joints

• A joint is a location where two or more bones
  meet.
• Functions of joints
• Hold bones together
• Allow for mobility
• Ways joints are classified
• Functionally
• Structurally

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Types of Joints

• Fibrous joints
• Generally immovable (sutures of skull)
• Cartilaginous joints
• Immovable or slightly moveable (vertebral disc)
• Synovial joints
• Freely moveable (shoulder, pelvis, knee, elbow,
  digits)
• Articulating bones are separated by a joint
  cavity
• Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity

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Structure of a Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
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Type of Synovial Joints
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Types of Synovial Joints
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Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

• A fracture is a break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures
• Closed (simple) fracture break that does not
  penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture broken bone penetrates
  through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and
  immobilization
• Realignment of the bone

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Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
Fractures
Simple Complete fibula
Simple Greenstick radius
Compound Fracture tibia and fibula
Comminuted Fracture radius
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Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

• Osteoporosis This illness afflict both men and
  women but it is most common in post menopausal
  women. The bone tissue becomes brittle and
  breaks easily with little applied stress. Due to
  loss of calcium from the bone matrix.

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Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System

• Rickets Rickets is a disease associated with a
  deficiency of vitamin D in the diet. It prevents
  the body from absorbing calcium needed for the
  formation of strong, bone matrix. Typically the
  long bones are soft and bend under the stress
  from the weight of the body. It results in
  bowed legs. This disease often affects
  children who are undernourished.