Drill

1
Drill Biology!

• 1) Where is DNA stored in eukaryotes?
  Prokaryotes?
• 2)Can DNA leave the nucleus? If not, how does the
  genetic code get to the rest of the cell?
• 3) What molecules make up the code in DNA?
• 4) What molecules make up the backbone of DNA?
• 5) Why does everyone except monozygotic
  (identical) twins look different?

2
What does this mean?

• Translate the following sentences into English
• 1) La biología es el mejor tema
• (Biology is the best subject)
• 2) Digital Harbour tiene un olor raro
• (Digital Harbor has a weird smell)
• 3) Baltimore "La ciudad más grande en América"
  (Baltimore 'The Greatest City in America')
• What would you need if you did not know Spanish
  to figure out these phrases?
• What in your body (and in every living organism)
  needs to be decoded before it is useful?

3
Questions to be answered today

• How do we get from the bases found in DNA to
  amino acids?
• How do we get from a bunch of amino acids to
  proteins?

4
Transcription and Translation An Overview (aka
the Central Dogma)
Transcription
Translation
5
Video http//www.youtube.com/watch?v5bLEDd-PSTQ
featurerelated
6
Protein Structure

• Made up of amino acids
• Polypeptide- string of amino acids
• 20 amino acids are arranged in different orders
  to make a variety of proteins
• Assembled on a ribosome
• So how do we make a complete protein?

7
It starts withTRANSCRIPTION
ACGATACCCTGACGAGCGTTAGCTATCG
GGG
ACU
UGC
UAU
8
Transcription creates mRNA!!!

• mRNA- type of RNA that encodes information for
  the synthesis of proteins and carries it to a
  ribosome from the nucleus

9
Transcription is donewhat now?

• Now we have mature mRNA transcribed from the
  cells DNA. It is leaving the nucleus through a
  nuclear pore. Once in the cytoplasm, it finds a
  ribosome so that translation can begin.

• We know how mRNA is made, but how do we read
  the code?

10
Now we get to Translation!!!

• Here we actually CODE for amino acids!
• Second stage of protein production
• mRNA is on a ribosome

11
Translation

• tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome

12
tRNA

• Transfer RNA
• Bound to one amino acid on one end
• Anticodon on the other end complements mRNA codon

13
tRNA Function

• Amino acids must be in the correct order for the
  protein to function correctly
• tRNA lines up amino acids using mRNA code

14
The Steps Pages 208 - 209

• 1) Initiation mRNA, tRNA and the ribosome come
  together
• (AUG codes for the START
• Methionine)
• 2) Elongation tRNA brings
• the specific amino acids
• together forming a chain
• (repeats over and over)

15
The Steps

• 3) Termination Stop codon ends translation
• 4) Disassembly The ribosome falls apart and
  releases the protein

16
Reading the DNA code

• Every 3 DNA bases pairs with 3 mRNA bases
• Every group of 3 mRNA bases encodes a single
  amino acid
• Codon- coding triplet of mRNA bases

17
Example problem

• DNA ATGGCCTAAGGT
• RNA UACCGGAUUCCA (transcription)
• Refer to table 10-1 on page 207 to find the amino
  acids (Translation)
• UAC
• CGG
• AUU
• CCA

Tyrosine
Arginine
Isoleucine
Proline
18
The Genetic Code
19
ACGATACCCTGACGAGCGTTAGCTATCG
UGC
GGG
ACUG
UAU
20
Class Work!

• Complete the Marshmallow Man translation
  activity
• When finished coding raise your hand to so I can
  check it and give you the materials!
• Extra Credit Create your own code using the
  letters ATGC. Then create a message and have
  another student attempt to translate it.

21
Exit Pass

• 1) What did the marshmallow man represent in the
  activity?
• 2) List the steps needed to create a protein
  (amino acid chain)
• 3) How many mRNA molecules are read as a codon?
• a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5