The Hands That Built

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The Hands That Built

• Blood That Spilt

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• Distribution of African Slaves in the Americas
  during the Atlantic Slave Trade

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Multiple Triangles of Trade
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The Plantation System and the "African Solution"
Slavery had existed in Europe and Africa
before the creation of plantation systems
Greater demand for sugar, tobacco, rice then
cotton led to increased need for labor
Recognized in law 1661 English "slave codes" in
Barbados 1685 French "black code" in the
Caribbean Stripped Africans of all rights
Defined slavery as an inherited racial status
that applied only to blacks Condoned by both
Catholic and Protestant Churches Noted for
extreme differences in wealth, status, and rights

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Swedish Colonies

• Sweden was a North American colonial power until
  the late nineteenth century. In 1637, it
  established the colony of New Sweden (later
  Delaware) , with its capital at Fort Kristina,
  named after Swedens famous queen, Later captured
  by the Dutch, it was ceded to the British and was
  one of the original thirteen colonies which
  became the United States Delaware!
• Sweden also had an important colony in the
  Caribbean St Bartelemy. It acquired the island
  from France in 1785

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King Phillips War (Metacoms Rebellion)
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Massasoit Sachem of the Wampanoag

• Massasoit, sachem of the Wampanoag tribe, brought
  food to sustain the newcomers through their first
  winter and helped them adjust to life in this
  strange, new world. As more and more colonists
  flooded into New England, strains in the
  relationship began to appear. In 1676, the battle
  was over. Philip was slain, his body drawn and
  quartered, and his head paraded in triumph in
  Plymouth. Philip's son, Massasoit's grandson, was
  sold into slavery in Bermuda. The generosity of
  Massasoit in 1620 indirectly resulted in the
  enslavement of his grandson 56 years later.

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French and Indian War

• The French and Indian War (17541763) was the
  North American chapter of the Seven Year War,
  known in Canada as the War of the Conquest. The
  name refers to the two main enemies of the
  British the royal French forces and the various
  American Indian forces allied with them. The
  conflict resulted in the British conquest of
  Canada. To compensate its ally, Spain, for its
  loss of Florida, France ceded its control of
  French Louisiana west of the Mississippi. Native
  Americans fought for both sides, but primarily
  alongside the French (with one exception being
  the Iroquois Confederacy, which sided with the
  American colonies and Britain).

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Franklins 1754 Albany Plan

• In 1754, Britain and France were struggling
  for control over portions of North America. In
  the face of war on American soil, Franklin
  proposed a plan that would unite the colonial
  governments into a single federal council. In his
  Albany Plan, Franklin held that the colonies, by
  acting with one united voice, could more
  effectively fend off threatened attacks by the
  French and their Native American allies. Both the
  colonists and the British Crown rejected
  Franklins plan because it encroached on their
  respective powers,

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French and Indian War

• In the French and Indian War both northern and
  southern colonies used black soldiers.
  Particularly was this true in New York and
  Connecticut (which had black men in twenty five
  militia companies). Several colonies adherred to
  the classical concept that to risk one's life (by
  serving in combat) was legally tantamount to
  earning ones freedom. Benjamin Quarles The Negro
  in the Making of America

• The original rattlesnake flag was a plea for
  unity during the French and Indian Wars. Ben
  Franklin adapted the image of a rattler severed
  into segments, each representing a colony or
  group of colonies the head labeled N.E. for
  New England. Rightly so, as this is where the
  Sons of Liberty first gathered in the mid 1770s.
  They joined with the like-minded gentlemen from
  the South.

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Iroquois Confederacy

• Decisions would be made in the following way. The
  Mohawk and Seneca Lords would have to unanimously
  agree on a course of action. They sent this
  decisions to the Oneida and Cayuga Lords, who
  would also have to unanimously agree on this
  decision During the American Revolution, the
  League split apart the Oneida and Tuscarora
  sided with the Americans, while the others allied
  themselves with Britain. The United States took
  revenge in 1779 which resulted in the Second
  Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) which officially
  disbanded the Leaguegt

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From Captive to Cargo
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Inspection of Merchandise
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Tobacco is King in Virginia Colony

• By 1614 Virginia had entered the world trade
  market protected under English laws. By 1620
  tobacco was being used as currency in Virginia, a
  trade option that endured for two centuries.
• Virginia became a single-crop colony until 1
  February 1633, when tobacco laws were codified,
  limiting tobacco production to reduce dependence
  on a single-crop economy. tobacco remained the
  main world trade crop for Virginia for many
  decades.

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17th Century North Carolina Imposing Terror

• Carolina authorities developed laws to keep the
  African American population under control.
  Whipping, branding, dismembering, castrating, or
  killing a slave were legal under many
  circumstances. Freedom of movement, to assemble
  at a funeral, to earn money, even to learn to
  read and write, became outlawed.

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18th Century Attempts to Retrieve Property
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The Harshness of Human Bondage

• As Equiano wrote, white and black lived together
  "in a state of war." The more harshly whites
  enforced racial enslavement, the more they came
  to fear black uprisings. As they became more
  fearful, they responded by further tightening the
  screws of oppression.
• "If you're a white authority, you're constantly
  trying to figure How fierce should the
  punishments be?

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Stono Rebellion of 1739

• 20 Africans Marching in Cato's Conspiracy or
  Cato's Rebellion
• South to Florida

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Punishing Freedom Fighters in 1741

• Great Negro Plot or Conspiracy of 1741Fires
  erupted in in NY city , one at the home of the
  governor at the time. Blacks arrested with a
  16-year old white indentured servant, Mary
  Burton. In exchange for her freedom, she
  testified against the others of a conspiracy of
  poor Whites and Blacks to burn the city, kill the
  White Men, take the White women for themselves.
  The two slaves were burned at the stake, and with
  "fire licking at their feet", confessed to
  burning the fort. They also named fifty others as
  co-conspirators. News of the "conspiracy" set off
  a stampede of arrests. At the height of the
  hysteria, nearly half the city's male slaves over
  sixteen were in jail. The number of arrests
  totaled 152 Blacks and twenty Whites. They were
  tried and convicted in a show trials in which the
  judicial authorities have already determined the
  guilt of the accused Most of the convicted were
  hanged or burnt- how many is uncertain

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18th Century British Naval Dominance

• As Britain rose in naval power and settled
  continental North America they became the leading
  slave traders. At one stage the trade was the
  monopoly of the Royal Africa Company, operating
  out of London, but following the loss of the
  company's monopoly in 1689, Bristol and Liverpool
  merchants became increasingly involved in the
  trade. By the late 17th century, one out of every
  four ships that left Liverpool harbor was a slave
  trading ship.

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Auctioned and Sold
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General Assembly colony of Connecticut 1708
Black Codes 1730

• This Black Code states that no slave could be
  acquired without the owner's knowledge
  (presumably in reference to run-away slaves) and
  that if a negro or mulatto servant disturb the
  peace or strike a white person, he shall be
  whipped.

• That if any Negro, Indian, or Molatto slave shall
  utter, publish and speak such words of any person
  that would by law be actionable if the same were
  uttered, published or spoken by any other free
  person such Negro, Indian or Molatto slave, being
  thereof convicted before any one justice of the
  peace, shall be punished by whipping, at the
  discretion of the assistant or justice before
  whom the tryal is, not exceeeding forty stripes.

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1800s Slave Market in DC

• Slave Market of America
• Northerners and foreign visitors to the Capital
  were horrified and embarrassed to find a large
  slave market very close to the Capitol building
  where the nation's lawmakers sat in session. The
  American Anti-Slavery Society issued posters to
  show the incongruity of selling slaves in the
  Nation's Capital with the principles decreed in
  the Declaration of Independence. The poster was
  part of the Society's campaign to have Congress
  abolish slavery in Washington, D.C.

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Slave patrols begin in SC 1704

• Slave patrols (called patrollers, pattyrollers or
  paddy rollers by the slaves) were organized
  groups of three to six white men who enforced
  discipline they policed the slaves on the
  plantations and hunted down fugitive slaves.
  Patrols used summary punishment against escapees,
  which included maiming or killing them. Beginning
  in 1704 in South Carolina, slave patrols were
  established and the idea spread throughout the
  southern states

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Important Events Of African Americans Loudoun
Co. Virginia

• 1764 For the first time a census lists
  patrollers to visit all negroe quarters and
  other places suspected of entertaining unlawful
  assemblies of slaves or any others strolling
  about without a pass.
• 1764 At the close of the French and Indian War
  there are about 1,100 slaves, or 19 percent of
  5,800 persons. Now, about 60 percent of the
  slaves are owned by residents 40 percent by
  absentee landlords.
• 1768 Three slaves of George West, the county
  surveyor, strike overseer Dennis Dallas with axes
  and hoes so he instantly expired. The slaves
  are hanged, March 2, in the countys first public
  execution.
• 1773 On the eve of the American Revolution, the
  population is 11,000, with 1,950 slaves17 ½
  percent of the populace. The average cost of a
  slave is about 125over a third of what an
  average man earns in a year.
• April 1778 Jane Robinson of Loudoun, a mulatto
  born to a white woman, is the first to receive
  emancipation under 1765 Commonwealth legislation.

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ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION No. 270Nov. 8, 2007, STATE
OF NEW JERSEY

• WHEREAS, New Jersey, with as many as 12,000
  slaves, had one of the largest populations of
  captive Africans in the northern colonies and
• WHEREAS, Although the State of New Jersey passed
  a gradual
• emancipation law in 1804, it was the last
  northern state to
• emancipate its slaves, and required all children
  of slaves born after
• July 4, 1804 to remain the servant of the owner
  of his or her
• mother until they were twenty-one years of age
  for women or
• twenty-five years of age for men
• BE IT RESOLVED by the General Assembly of the
  State of New
• Jersey (the Senate concurring)
• 1. The Legislature of the State of New Jersey
  expresses its
• profound regret for the States role in
  slavery and apologizes for the
• wrongs inflicted by slavery and its after effects
  in the United States
• of America expresses its deepest sympathies and
  solemn regrets to
• those who were enslaved and the descendants of
  those slaves, who
• were deprived of life, human dignity, and the
  constitutional
• protections accorded all citizens of the United
  States

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Petition of 1780 by slaves for the abolition of
slavery in Connecticut

• We are all of us the Same mind as we was when we
  asked this advantige of your honners Last may
  that our marsters have no more Rite to make us
  Searve them then we have to make our Marsters
  Searve us and we have Resen to wonder that our
  Case has not Ben taken into Consideration So fare
  as to Grant us our Libertys But we must consider
  what the Book of Eceleisastes says at 8 Chapter
  at the 11 varce Because Sentence aganst an Evel
  work is not Executed Speedily theirfore the hart
  of the Sons of men is fully Set in them to do
  Evel - and for this Reson we Think our Cause is
  Not Regarded and we Still must Say as Jeremiah
  Says in his Lamentations at the 5 Chapter at
  the 5 varce Our necks are under Persecution we
  Labour and have no rest -

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Fugitive Slave Laws and Consequences
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Caribbean Slave Testimony
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Toussaint LOverture and Jean Jacque Dessalines

• In 1789 Saint Domingue was the most profitable
  real estate in the world. its sugar plantations
  two-thirds of France's overseas trade, they also
  stimulated the greatest individual market for the
  slave trade. The slaves were brutally treated and
  died in great numbers, prompting a never-ending
  influx of new slaves. The French Revolution sent
  waves all the way across the Atlantic. The slaves
  seized the moment rebelled en masse and when it
  ended in 1803, Saint Domingue had become Haiti,
  the first independent nation in the Caribbean.

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1791Slaves and Free Blacks Revolt
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Louisiana Territory

• The French also established forts, trading posts,
  and settlements in the areas surrounding the
  Great Lakes and up and down the Mississippi
  River, including the huge colony of Louisiana.
  The territory encompassed the modern-day states
  of Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri,
  Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota,
  South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Colorado, and
  Idaho. Named after the French King Louis XIV, its
  capital, New Orleans, at the mouth of the
  Mississippi River, was founded in 1718.After
  the Treaty of Paris at the end of the French and
  Indian War (1763), the French surrendered
  Louisiana to Spain until 1800.

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Louisanna Purchase of 1803
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• 1790 Naturalization Law limited citizenship to
  immigrants who were foreign whites. 1792
  enlistment in militias was limited to white men.
  States in the NW Territory placed special
  restrictions and requirements on Blacks who
  entered.

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St. Domingue proposed as home for deported slaves
and free blacks

• "West Indies offer a more probable
  practicable retreat for them . . . the most
  promising portion of them is the island of St.
  Domingo, where the blacks are established into a
  sovereignty de facto, have organised themselves
  under regular laws government. He was
  searching for a suitable place to send rebellious
  slaves in the aftermath of Gabriel's Rebellion in
  Virginia.

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• Racial stereotypes during the antebellum period
  were rampant.
• The sambo caricature was the most persistent of
  Black males.
• Based on white chauvanistic ideas of superiority
  and the view of Negroes as the extreme other

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• Sambo and Uncle
• Big Smile happy to Serve
• Uniform proud of subservient role
• Speech creolized English, viewed as indicative
  of lack of intelligence

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Mother Bethel -1795 1st Black Sunday School -1807
Free People of Color School
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Images of Slavery