Biosecurity for Dairy Producers

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Biosecurity for Dairy Producers

• Angie Dement
• Extension Associate for Veterinary Medicine
• Texas AgriLife Extension Service
• College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
  Sciences
• Texas AM System
• College Station, TX 77843
• http//aevm.tamu.edu

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• What is biosecurity?
• Best management practices that prevent infectious
  diseases from being introduced into a herd or
  flock.

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Epidemiology of Disease

• Epidemiology
• Study of the way disease is distributed in
  populations and factors that influence or
  determine the distribution
• Exposure
• Immunity

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• Means of Transmission
• Direct
• Susceptible animals come into direct or close
  contact with an infected, contagious animal
• Indirect
• Animals come into contact with infected or
  contaminated animate vectors, inanimate vehicles
  and environmental fomites

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• Routes of Transmission
• Aerosol inhalation
• Oral
• Reproductive
• Skin contact
• Blood

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• Sources
• Carrier/Reservoir Animals
• Aerosol Droplets
• Nasal Fluid
• Ocular Fluid
• Saliva
• Manure
• Urine
• Milk
• Fetal Fluid
• In-Utero
• Genital Fluid
• Blood
• Carcass

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• Vectors
• Ticks
• Flies
• Mosquitoes
• Scavengers

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• Vehicles
• Instruments
• Needle
• Ear tagger
• Tattooer
• Dehorner
• Nose tong
• Knife
• Utensils
• Bucket
• Trough

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• Environment
• Soil
• Water
• Food

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• Exposures
• Susceptible animals
• Mouth
• Nose
• Eyes
• Skin
• Teats
• Vagina
• Prepuce
• Transplacental
• Venereal
• Blood

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Immunity

• Definition
• Animals ability to resist a disease
• Types
• Natural
• Active
• Passive

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Vaccinations

• Prevent disease
• Provide antibodies

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• Work with veterinarian
• Follow label
• Dosage
• Storage
• Needle usage

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Disease Route of Transmission Common Symptoms Vaccine Treatment
Anthrax Oral, aerosol, blood Staggering, trembling, collapse, terminal convulsions, bloody discharge Yes Yes
Bovine Brucellosis Oral, reproductive Abortions, stillbirths, weak calves Yes Yes
Bovine leukosis Blood, reproductive Enlarged lymph nodes No No
Johne's Disease Oral, reproductive Diarrhea, weight loss, bottle jaw No No
Bovine Tuberculosis Aerosol Lesions in organs and body cavity, weight loss No No
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Oral, reproductive Severe diarrhea, fever, abortions Yes Yes
Coronavirus enteritis Oral Dark green to black diarrhea No Yes
Cryptosporidiosis Oral Diarrhea No Yes
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Aerosol, reproductive Abortions, cough, eye infections, genital infections Yes Yes
Leptosporosis Direct, oral, aerosol, reproductive Abortions, stillbirths, weak calves, fevere, decrease in performance Yes Yes
Neosporosis Oral, reproductive Abortions Yes No
Parainfluenza-3 virus Aerosol Cough, nasal discharge, increased respiratory rate Yes Yes
Rabies Direct Anorexia, hyperexcitability, altered temperment, death Yes No
Salmonellosis Oral Diarrhea Yes Yes
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• FEAD Quick Facts
• http//aevm.tamu.edu

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• Biosecurity Practices for
• Dairy Producers

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Disease Risk Assessment

• Identify diseases and transmission
• Determine cost benefits

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General Practices

• Identify all animals
• Keep records
• Provide balanced ration
• Prevent manure contamination
• Prevent transmission
• Bunks
• Milking
• Reservoir animals
• Necropsy dead animals
• Carcass disposal plans

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Pre-weaned calves

• Vaccination programs
• Dam
• Calves
• Clean maternal lot
• Newborn calves
• Removal
• 10 body weight
• Navel health
• Separate calves
• Older animals
• Surface run-off
• Milk
• Colostrum
• Waste-milk

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Purchased Animals

• Quarantine new animals
• Vaccination program
• Collect herd history

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Replacement Heifers

• Isolate
• Vaccination program
• Manure contamination
• Quarantine returning animals

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Lactating Cows

• Equipment
• Established herd vs quarantined/sick
• Sick animals
• Isolate
• Separate fresh cows

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Dry Cows

• Dry cow treatments
• Teat sealants
• Vaccinate
• Not within 2 weeks of calving
• Separate dry and sick cows
• Balanced ration

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Bulls

• Test bulls
• Before purchasing
• Routinely for venereal diseases
• Vaccination program

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Semen Importation

• Purchase from known sources
• Infectious disease programs
• Know health history
• Monitor tanks

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Product Safety

• Culture
• New cows
• Bulk tanks
• Limited access to storage facilities
• Alarm systems
• Sanitize tank

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Premise Protection

• Visitors
• Designated meeting area
• Limit number of visitors
• Disinfect
• Visitors
• Trailers
• Vehicles
• Tires
• Disposable clothing and shoes
• Keep identification
• No physical contact with animals

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• Owners
• Clothing
• Disposable shoes
• Clothes
• Footbaths
• Equipment disinfectants
• Mycotoxin testing
• Law enforcement

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• Security
• Lock gates
• Post signs
• Random security checks
• Good perimeter fences
• Secure facilities
• Clean storage facilities before restocking
• Reduce wildlife contact
• Inventory materials
• Secure water sources
• Monitoring system
• Stranger alert

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• Transportation
• Disinfectants
• 1 part bleach to 1 part water
• Wash/disinfect
• Trailers
• Tires
• Mats
• Trucks
• Cleaning crews
• Clean everything
• Remove debris
• Leave disinfectant for 20-30 minutes
• Dry completely

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• Employees
• Wash hands
• Report sick animals
• Check out keys
• Safety and security meetings
• Guidelines for home animals
• Travel from other countries

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• Foreign Travelers
• 48 hours
• Disinfect clothing
• No contact with cattle

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If disease is suspected

• Routine observation
• Early detection
• Rapid reporting
• Contact veterinarian
• Report to TAHC
• 1-800-550-8242
• Prompt quarantine
• Rapid response
• Quick diagnosis

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• Be prepared
• Emergency contact list
• Critical premises information
• Lots
• Fences
• Storage facilities
• Site map

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Disaster Preparedness

• Possible natural disasters
• Disease outbreaks
• Floods
• Fires
• Hurricanes
• Tornadoes
• Winter storms
• Droughts

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• Possible Human Caused Disasters
• Traffic
• Terrorism Bioterrorism
• Power outages
• Explosions
• Hazardous material spills

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• AIC Plan
• Appendix off of local EM plan
• Determines what should be done before, during and
  after disaster
• Works with both livestock and pets/companion
  animals

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• List everything that must be done, and every
  person involved.
• Use the AIC plan only as a guide.
• Dont leave out details.
• Hold regular exercises.
• Communicate.
• Keep situation reports and activity logs of past
  scenarios.

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What are Foreign Animal Diseases?

• Disease that is not currently present in the
  United States
• Can be zoonotic

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How can a FAD come into U.S.?

• Natural
• Accidental
• Intentional (bioterrorist act)

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Foot and Mouth Disease

• Highly contagious
• Potential to spread rapidly
• People not affected
• Devastating
• Emotionally
• Economically
• Sociologically

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• Susceptible domestic and wild cloven-hoofed
  livestock
• Cattle
• Sheep
• Goats
• Domestic and feral swine
• Deer
• Llamas

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• Transmission
• Aerosol
• wind
• Mechanical
• people, vehicles, animals
• Biological
• movement of infected animals
• uncooked or undercooked meat products

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• If an outbreak occurs
• Restrictions
• Quarantines
• Eradication
• Slaughter of animals
• Proper disposal

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• FMD Outbreak in 2001 in Great Britian
• Delayed response
• 10,472 farms depopulated
• 4 million destroyed to stop disease
• 2.5 million humanely slaughtered
• Over 13 billion

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National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic
Disease Defense

• Extension Train-the-Trainers Curriculum
• 
  

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National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic
Disease Defense
Extension Train-the-Trainers Curriculum
Chapter 1.........................................
......................Potential
Occurrences Chapter 2 ............................
................................................Ep
idemiology Chapter 3 ............................
.............................Foreign Animal
Diseases Chapter 4 ...............................
.Emerging and Endemic Animal Diseases Chapter 5
................................Biosecurity Best
Management Practices Chapter 6 ...................
.................State Animal Diseases Response
Plan Chapter 7 ...................................
................................Extension EM
Plan Chapter 8 ...................................
...........................County/Local EM
Plan Chapter 9 ...................................
..Media Relations and Communications Chapter 10
..................................................
........Teaching Effectiveness Chapter 11
..................................................
..........Curriculum Evaluation

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• Questions?

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