Environmental Science

1
Environmental Science
2
Designing and Conducting Research
3
How do scientists go about solving a problem?

• What steps are followed in solving a problem?
• Why is it important for scientists to follow
  these steps?

4
Learning Objectives

• 1. Understand the importance of the scientific
  method.
• 2. Explain the steps in conducting research.
• 3. Explain the importance of controlled
  research.
• 4. Explain the relationship between science and
  technology.

5

• 5. Compare and contrast fact, law, hypothesis,
  and theory.
• 6. Describe characteristics of living things.
• 7. Explain how science and society interact.
• 8. Explain and apply scientific methods to a
  variety of scientific topics.

6
Why is it important to study living things?

• So we can

7
What do we need to know about living things?
8
I. Introduction

• A. Biology the science of life
• B. Organism a living thing

9
Video 1
Video 1

• Click the image to play the video segment.

Its Alive!, Part 1
10
Video 2
Video 2
Its Alive!, Part 2

• Click the image to play the video segment.

11
II. Characteristics of Organisms

• 5. Interdependent
• 6. Use Energy
• 7. Highly Organized
• 8. Respond to Stimuli
• 9. Grow and Develop

• A. Characteristics
• 1. Composed of Cells
• 2. Maintain Stability
• 3. Reproduce
• 4. Evolve

12
Composed of Cells

• 1. Cell
• a. the basic unit of life
• 2. Unicellular
• a. organism composed of one cell
• 3. Multicellular
• a. organism composed of more than one cell

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
13

• 4. Cells are small, but highly organized
  (organelles)
• 5. Differentiation
• a. a process in which the cells of a
  multicellular individual become specialized
  during development (tissues, organs, systems)

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
14

• 6. In biology structure is almost always related
  to function
• a. morphology
• 1) the structure of an organism or of any of
  its parts
• b. anatomy
• 1) internal morphology

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
15
C. Maintain Stability and Homeostasis

• 1. Homeostasis
• a. the stable internal conditions of a living
  thing
• b. ie internal body
• temperature

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
16
D. Reproduce (have a life span)

• 1. Reproduction the production of new
  offspring
• 2. Inheritance the traits that the offspring
  receives from its parents

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
17

• 3. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• a. hereditary information in the form of a
  large molecule
• 4. Gene
• a. a segment of DNA a unit of hereditary
  information

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
18

• 5. Types of Reproduction/cell division
• a. Sexual the production of offspring from
  the combination of genetic material from two
  parent organisms
• b. Asexual the production of offspring that
  does not involve the union of gametes

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
19
E. Evolve

• 1. Evolution
• a. the theory that
• species change
• over time
• 2. Evolution occurs
• through Natural
• Selection

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
20

• a. Natural Selection
• 1) the process by which organisms with
  favorable traits reproduce at higher rates than
  those without such variations
• 3. Adaptation
• a. traits that give an organism an advantage in
  an environment

21
F. Interdependent

• 1. Ecology
• a. the study of the relationships between
  organisms and their environment
• 2. Ecosystems
• a. all the biotic and abiotic components of an
  environment
• b. biotic living things
• c. abiotic non-living things

22
G. Use Energy

• 1. Metabolism
• a. the sum of all chemical
• processes in living things
• 2. necessary for
• maintenance, growth,
• and reproduction

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
23

• 3. Autotrophs
• a. organisms that acquire energy by making
  their own food
• b. plants
• c. some unicellular organisms

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
24
4. Heterotrophs a. organisms that gain energy
by eating or consuming other organisms b.
some unicellular organisms c. animals and fungi
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
25

• 5. Photosynthesis
• a. the process where organisms (ie plants)
  capture the suns energy and use it to make food
• 6. Cellular Respiration
• a. the process where organisms turn food into
  energy

26
H. Highly Organized

• 1. atom
• 2. molecule
• 3. organelle
• 4. cell
• 5. tissue
• 6. organ
• 7. organ system

• 8. organism
• 9. population
• 10. community
• 11. ecosystem
• 12. biome
• 13. biosphere

27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
I. Respond to Stimuli/Environment

• 1. Response
• a. reaction to a stimulus
• 2. Behavior
• a. a complex set of responses

30
J. Grow and Develop

• 1. Reproduction of cells
• a. Mitosis
• 2. Cell Enlargement

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
31
III. Science and Society

• A. Ethics
• 1. the study of what is right and wrong and of
  our moral choices
• B. Bioethics
• 1. the application of ethics to biological
  concerns

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
32
IV. Science

• A. science
• 1. a system of knowledge based on facts and
  principles
• 2. Types of Science
• a. biological science
• science of living things
• 1) botany study of plants
• 2) zoology study of animals
• 3) ecology balance in nature
• 4) medicine

33

• b. physical science science of matter and
  energy
• 1) physics forces and energy
• 2) chemistry matter and its changes
• c. earth science science of the earth
• 1) geology rocks and minerals the science
  of the physical nature and history of the
  Earth
• 2) meteorology atmosphere and weather
• d. crossover ie. biochemistry, geophysics

34

• B. Science and technology work together
• 1. technology
• a. the application of science

35

• C. Scientific Theories Laws Facts -
  Hypothesis
• 1. Fact in science, an observation that has
  been repeatedly confirmed
• a. i.e. objects fall when dropped
• b. i.e. humans have 46 chromosomes

36

• 2. Hypothesis
• a. a testable statement about the natural
  world that can be used to build more complex
  inferences and explanations
• b. IFTHEN

37

• 3. Law
• a. a descriptive generalization about how some
  aspect of the natural world behaves under stated
  circumstances
• b. i.e. the path of each planet around the
  sun is an ellipse with the sun at one focus
  (Keplers First Law of Planetary Motion)

38

• Newtons First Law An object at rest remains at
  rest and an object in motion maintains its
  velocity unless it experiences an unbalanced
  force.
• Newtons Second Law The unbalanced force acting
  on an object equals the objects mass times its
  acceleration.
• Newtons Third Law For every action force,
  there is an equal and opposite reaction force.

39

• Law of Conservation of Mass
• - mass cannot be created or destroyed
• Law of Conservation of Energy
• - energy cannot be created or destroyed

40

• 4. Theory
• a. a broad and comprehensive statement of what
  is believed to be true, supported by
  considerable experimental evidence resulting
  from many tests of related hypotheses
• b. in everyday speech, people use the word
  theory when they are talking about a hunch or a
  guess
• c. really they should use the word
  hypothesis

41

• d. Examples of Scientific Theories
• 1) atomic theory all matter is made of
  atoms
• 2) cell theory all living things are
  composed of cells
• 3) theory of gravitation all matter
  attracts other matter
• 4) theory of plate tectonics Earths crust
  is made of plates which move over time

42

• 5) Kinetic Theory explains the three states of
  matter
• - all matter is made of atoms and molecules that
  act like tiny particles
• - these tiny particles are always in motion.
  The higher the temperature, the faster the
  particles move
• - at the same temperature, more massive
  particles move slower than less massive particles

43

• 5. Theories and laws are not absolute as we
  do more experiments and learn more about the
  world around us, our explanations can change

44
V. Scientific Methods

• A. Scientific Processes
• 1. Observing
• a. all scientific understanding of
• the natural world is ultimately based on
  observations

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
45

• b. the use of one or more the five senses to
  perceive objects or events
• c. Qualitative data
• 1) Quality
• 2) Descriptive words/adjectives
• d. Quantitative data
• 1) quantity
• 2) number (specific)

46

• 2. Collecting Data
• 1) the gathering and recording of specific
  information based on observations

47

• 3. Measuring
• a. observations are most useful when they
  involve quantitative data
• b. measuring
• 1) the process of determining the dimensions
  of an object, the of objects in a group, the
  duration of an event, or other characteristics
  in precise units

48

• c. accuracy
• 1. number that is close to the true value
• d. precision
• 1. number that is as exact as possible
• (ie 47.452134 cm)

Not Accurate
Accurate
49

• c. accuracy
• 1. number that is close to the true value
• d. precision
• 1. number that is as exact as possible
• (ie 47.452134 cm)

Precise Not Accurate
Precise Accurate
50

• 4. Organizing Data
• a. involves placing observations and
  measurements in some kind of logical order
  graph, chart, map

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
51
http//www.statcan.ca/english/edu/power/ch9/images
/pie5.gif
http//www.mste.uiuc.edu/courses/ci330ms/youtsey/l
ineinfo.html
52
Major Air Pollutants
http//encarta.msn.com/media_461516755/Major_Air_P
ollutants.html
53

• 5. Classifying
• a. the process of grouping objects, organisms,
  or phenomena into an established organizational
  scheme, or developing new organizational schemes
• b. usually organize living things into groups
  that share morphological traits

54
Classification of Ursus arctos
Coral snake
Abert squirrel
Sea star
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
55

• 6. Hypothesizing
• a. the process of forming testable statements
  about observable phenomena
• b. hypothesis testable statement
• c. a statement is testable if evidence can be
  collected that either supports the hypothesis or
  refutes it

56

• 7. Predicting
• a. After making a hypothesis, make a
  prediction
• b. Stating in advance the result that will be
  obtained from testing a hypothesis
• c. Ifthen

57

• 8. Experimenting
• a. some hypotheses or predictions can be tested
  through observations in a natural setting while
  others cannot
• b. Experimenting the process of testing a
  hypothesis or prediction by carrying out data
  gathering procedures under controlled conditions

58

• c. controlled experiments
• 1) based on a comparison of a control group or
  phase with an experimental group or phase

59

• 2) independent variable
• a) the manipulated variable the one that is
  different
• 3) dependent variable
• a) the thing that is different because of the
  independent variable usually what is being
  measured

60

• 4) extraneous variables
• a) factors which may impact the effect on the
  dependent variable

61

• 9. Analyzing Data
• a. the process of determining whether data are
  reliable and whether they support or refute a
  given prediction or hypothesis

62

• b. validity
• 1) do the results answer the questions that we
  are asking in the hypothesis
• c. reliability
• 1) will you get the same results if you do these
  procedures again

63

• d. ways to analyze data
• 1) using statistics
• 2) interpreting graphs
• 3) determining relationships between variables
• 4) comparing the data to those obtained from
  other studies
• 5) determining possible sources of experimental
  error

64

• 10. Inferring
• a. the process of drawing conclusions on the
  basis of facts or premises instead of direct
  perception
• b. Facts might include data gathered during a
  field study or an experiment
• c. Premises might include conclusions drawn
  from previous knowledge or from past experience
• d. some inferences are testable and some are not

65
Observation and Inference
Statement
Observation Inference
Object A is round and orange.
Object A is a basketball.
Object C is round, black white
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a table-tennis ball.
Each object is used in a different sport.
66

• 11. Modeling
• a. constructing a representation of an object,
  a system, or a process that helps to show
  relationships between data
• b. visual, verbal, mathematical, computer

67

• 12. Communicating
• a. sharing information
• 1) to keep from repeating experiments
• 2) Utilize resources more effectively
• 3) To keep from repeating failed experiments
• 4) Swap ideas
• b. scientific journals, newspapers, magazine,
  conferences, internet, television news magazines

68
B. The Scientific Method of Investigation

• 1. Identify the Problem
• 2. Review Related Literature
• 3. Develop a Hypothesis
• 4. Design the Experiment
• 5. Conduct the Experiment/Make Observations
• 6. Draw Conclusions
• 7. Communicate the Findings

69

• Scientists do not always follow the above
  steps in order

70

• VI. Measurement
• A. International System of
• Measurement
• 1. the standard of measurement
• used by scientists world-wide
• 2. base units and multiples of the
• base unit in powers of 10

71
Summary/Review

• 1. Understand the importance of the scientific
  method.
• 2. Explain the steps in conducting research in
  science.
• 3. Explain the importance of controlled research.