Biological Zonation Of The Ocean

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Biological Zonation Of The Ocean
Supratidal
Subtidal
Bathal
Abyssal
Hadal
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Benthic Zones (Bottom)

• Supratidal Zone
• Area above high tide line
• Intertidal Zones
• Area between high and low tide line
• Subtidal Zones
• Below intertidal zone that covers continental
  shelf

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Benthic Zones (Bottom)

• Deep Ocean Floor
• Bathal covers continental shelf 200 to 4000m
• Abyssal covers Abyssal Plain 4000-6000m
• Hadal covers trenches gt6000m

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Pelagic Zones (Open Water)

• Horizontal Provinces
• Neritic
• Water covering continental shelf
• Greatest diversity of marine life
• Oceanic
• Water beyond the continental shelf

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Pelagic Zones (Open Water)

• Vertical Provinces
• Epipelagic
• Top layer sunlight penetrates (100-200m deep)
• Mesopelagic
• 2nd layer not enough sunlight to support life
  (200-1000m deep)
• Bathypelagic
• Aphotic 1000-4000m deep
• Abyssopelagic
• 4000m deep
• Hadopelagic
• Water in trenches

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Zones of light

• Photic zone- 0-200m area of ocean that can be
  penetrated by sunlight
• Aphotic zone- gt200m area of ocean that cannot be
  penetrated by sunlight

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Types Of Marine Organisms

• Plankton
• Organisms that drift or float with the currents
• Nekton
• Larger animals that control the direction and
  speed of their own movements
• Benthos
• Bottom Dwellers

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Plankton
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Plankton

• Animals and Plants that have limited powers of
  locomotion.
• Phytoplankton
• Ability to photosynthesize plant-like
• Zooplankton
• Animal-like

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Plankton Size

• Megaplankton Organisms over 20 centimeters
• Mesoplankton Organisms between 0.2-20
  millimeters
• Microplankton 20-200 micrometers
• Nanoplankton 2-20 micrometers in size
• Picoplankton 0.2-2.0 micrometers in size
• Fementoplankton 0.01-0.2 micrometers in size

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Life History Of Plankton

• Holoplankton
• Spend whole life as plankton
• Meroplankton
• Spend part of life as plankton
• Larva, juveniles

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Holoplankton
Salps
Polycheate Worm
Arrow Worm
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Holoplankton
Moon Jellyfish
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Meroplankton
Crab Larva
Lobster Larva
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Meroplankton
Octopus Larva
Sea Star Larva
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Zooplankton Feeding Methods

• Heterotrophs - Organisms that hunt for food.
• Herbivores Plant eaters
• Detritivores - Consumers of dead organic matter,
  egestion of material from other zooplanktors
  (fecal material), or the remains of other
  zooplankton.
• Carnivores - Predators feeding on other
  zooplankton.
• Omnivores - Zooplankton that use a combination of
  food sources.

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Types Of Zooplankton

• Protozoa - Single-celled animals.
• Dinoflagellates - switch hitting in some cases
  chlorophyll plus predation to get nutrients.
• Forams - Calcium carbonate shelled protozoan
  grazers and predators in the microplankton. Of
  major geological importance because of the shell.
• Metazoa - Multi-celled animals.

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Phytoplankton

• Carry out photosynthesis and are the base of most
  food chains in the ocean.

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Phytoplankton - Diatoms

• Diatoms have rigid cell walls consisting of two
  closely fitting halves they are like miniature
  greenhouses, protecting internal plant matter
  within glass walls.
• Centric diatoms have circular, triangular, or
  pillbox shapes.
• Pennate diatoms are elongate with bilateral
  symmetry.

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Phytoplankton - Diatoms

• Diatoms may have spines or other projections.
• Called Setae
• Increases surface area for organism
• Helps them float in water column

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Diatom Structure

• Frustule
• Two Part Structure
• Epitheca
• Top Half
• Hypotheca
• Bottom Half

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Phytoplankton - Dinoflagellates

• Dinoflagellates are generally smaller than
  diatoms (can be as small as 10 micrometers).
• Typical dinoflagellate forms have a body surface
  with two grooves, each having a "whip-like"
  flagellum they use to swim.
• Some are plant-like (get energy from the Sun),
  others are animal-like (consume other organisms
  for energy).