Nutrient Exchange

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Nutrient Exchange
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http//www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/globalc
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• How Plants and Animals use Nutrients

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Four Macromolecules

• 1. Nucleic Acids Monomer nucleotides
• Eg. DNA and RNA
•     

www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov/toms/icons/dna_toys.jpg
2. Proteins Monomer amino acids (20
different) Eg. Insulin, keratin (hair) 
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Four Macromolecules

• 3. Carbohydrates (sugars) Monomer simple
  sugars, glucose
• Eg. The energy sources of life.

4. Lipids (fats) Also called fatty acids,
Monomer glycerol and fatty acids Eg. Build
all membranes (cellular and organelle) and
some hormones. Storage of energy.
www.culinate.com/hunk/22332
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Nucleic Acids

1. Monomer nucleotide
2. Three parts of a nucleotide base, sugar,
   phosphate
3. Structure

Base
Sugar
Phosphate
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III. Proteins

• Monomer
• 20 Amino Acids
• Structure
• i. Typical Amino Acid (Draw this
  above)

images.jupiterimages.com/.../14/81/23288114.jpg
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Peptide Bonds

• ii. In a peptide bond we join a carboxyl group
  (-COOH) to an amino group (-NH2)

http//www.codefun.com/Images/Genetic/tRNA/image00
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The bond joining two amino acids
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Draw a peptide bond between two glycines in the
space to the right
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• iii. Sample Protein InsulinThe protein that
  regulates our sugar uptake

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• Video of insulin

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IV. Carbohydrates

• a. Monomer
• i. GlucoseBlood sugar

staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/biochemistry/glucose.gif
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b. Dehydration Synthesis
Animation
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c. Polysaccharides

• a.  Formed by more than two simple sugars joined
  together.
• i. Starch (1000 glucoses hooked)Plant energy
  storage

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Plant starchstained with iodine
www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr04/starch-..
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Polysaccharides cont
www.medic.usm.my/ssu/images/High20Glyc.jpg

• ii. Glycogen
• (30 glucoses hooked)Stored sugar, found in
  animal liver.

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Carbon Hydrogen Ratios

• a.  Looking at the molecular formulas for the
  different saccharides what is the ratio of Hs
  to Os? Hint it is the same in each molecule
• GlucoseC6H12O6 Maltose C12H24O12
• _____ Hs to each _____ O
• This is true for any saccharide

2
1
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V. Fats (Lipids)

• Monomers
• i. Fatty Acids
• ii. Glycerol

images.jupiterimages.com/.../93/76/23267693.jpg
3 fatty acids
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Fats cont

• b. Look at the fatty acids on the front page.
  Square the hydrocarbons (CH tails) in red,
  circle the acid portion (-OH containing) in
  green.

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Membranes are lipids

• c. Have you seen the structure before?

Fatty acids are one of the primary building
blocks of cell and organelle membranes.
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Fats cont

• In animals what is one other membrane component
  (hint we just studied it last unit)?
• Cholesterol

http//www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en
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Molecule Review
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins NucleicAcids
Monomer
Carbon Present
Hydrogen Present
Oxygen Present
Nitrogen Present
2(H) 1(O)
Carboxyl Group
Amino Group
Hydrocarbon tail
Hexagon?
Phosphate?
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MiniQUIZIdentify each as a nucleic acid,
carbohydrate, fat, or protein
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1
3
4
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Obtaining Nutrients Lecture

• A. Autotrophs--Convert light energy to chemical
  energy using photosynthesis

a.  Are also called Producers b.  Examples Green
Plants c. Autotrophs need CO2, H2O, light,
heat, minerals.
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B - Heterotrophs

• a.  Are also called Consumers
• b. Examples
• Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, animals (humans)
• c.  Heterotrophs need
• Autotrophs, O2, minerals, vitamins, H2O

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Photosynthesis

• a.  Photosynthesis uses light energy to construct
  simple sugars.
•   6 CO2 6 H2O 6 O2
  C6H12O6
• The requirements for photosynthesis
• Light, heat, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water
• OCCURS IN THE _________________________ of PLANTS

chlorophyll
CHLOROPLASTS
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Cellular Respiration

•   i.      The process in the Mitochondria where
  simple sugars are burned to produce energy (in
  the form of ATP).
• Simple formula of Cellular Respiration
• C6H12O6 6 O2 6 H2O 6 CO2

ADP and P
ATP ENERGY!
Enzymes
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Mitochondria

• Supply all of the usable energy for
• Plants (autotrophs) and Animals (heterotrophs)

WOW!
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Mini QUIZ

• Name these Molecules (fat, carb, protein, N.A.)
• 
  2)
• 3)
• 4) Write the complete Equation for Cellular
  Respiration

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Leaf Structure--How Autotrophs capture nutrients

• Leaf Cross-section

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• a.  Cuticle Thin, waxy layer on outer surface

b.  Epidermis Outermost layer of cells
c.  Palisade Layer Tall cells in mesophyll,
contain chloroplasts.
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e.  Spongy Layerloosely arranged layer of cells
with space for gas, where lots of photosynthesis
takes place.

• d.  Stomata small opening in the epidermis for
  gas exchange.

f.  Guard Cells cells making up the stomata,
can open or close.
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• g. Vein vascular tubes in leaf.
•        i.      Xylem carries H2O, minerals,
  hormones.
•      ii.      Phloem carries nutrients
  (sucrose), O2,
  hormones.

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• h.  Chloroplasts Organelle containing enzymes
  and chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll pigment that enables light energy
  to be changed into chemical energy (sugars)

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Leaf Parts MINI QUIZ Label These Leaf Parts
1.
Upper Epidermis
2.
Palisade Layer
3.
Spongy Layer
4.
Cuticle
6.
Guard Cell
5.
Vein
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Digestive System LectureHow A Heterotroph
captures nutrients 
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Salivary Glands
Tongue
Trachea
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach

• Gall Bladder

Bile Duct
Duodenum
Pancreas
Pancreatic Duct
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Appendix
Small Intestine
Rectum
Anus
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A. Salivary Glands

• a. Mucus lubricates food.
• b. Amylase begins to break down carbohydrate

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B. Tongue

• a. Keeps food between teeth
• b. Taste Buds 4 areas
• c. Pushes food to esophagus

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C. Trachea

• a. Windpipe
• b. Epiglottis prevents breathing food

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D. Esophagus

• Tube to stomach
• Peristalsis starts,
• Rhythmic squeezing of food through tubes.

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E. Liver
Vital Organ

• a. Bile is produced
• b. Emulsifies fats.
• c. Center for metabolism.
• d. Detoxifies blood
• e. Bile sent to Sm. Intestine
• f. Store glycogen (starch)

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F. Gall Bladder

• Stores bile (bile emulsifies fats)

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G. Stomach

• a. Churn, mix food
• b. Sphincters, control openings
• c. Protein digestion
• d. The Hormone Gastrin stimulates release of
  gastric juices
• e. Gastric juices HCl, pepsin, etc.
• f. VOMIT!
• Reverse peristalsis

Gizzard ?
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Gizzards
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Heartburn
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H. Bile Duct

• Tube to Sm. Intestine from Gall Bladder

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I. Duodenum

• Most Digestion
• First 1ft of the Small Intestine

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J. Pancreas

• a. Produces Insulin, and other digestive enzymes
• Regulates sugar uptake from blood.
• b. If DIABETIC insulin is not made.

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Cool Pancreas Video

• Weird Al Video

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K. Pancreatic Duct

• Tube to Small Intestine

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L. Small Intestine

• a. 20-30 feet long
• b. Villi absorb nutrients
• c. Final Digestion occurs
• d. Nutrients are glucose, amino acids
• e. Lacteals absorb fats, glycerol

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Villi absorption
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M. Appendix

• Vestigial Organ
• Evolutionary leftover

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N. Large Intestine

• a. Re-absorbs H2O
• b. Solid wastes stored

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Pirates
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O. Rectum

• Solid wastes are concentrated

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P. Anus

• 2 Sphincters that control expulsion of waste

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Digestive Processes
Process Explanation Dot Color
Ingestion Intake Blue
Peristalsis Muscular Movement of Food Yellow
Absorption Into Blood Green
Storage Hold for a Time Red
Elimination Release Brown
Mechanical Digestion Moving Disrupts Orange
Chemical Digestion Chemicals chop Purple
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Blue Ingestion Yellow Peristalsis Green
Absorption Red Storage Brown
Elimination Orange Mechanical Dig. Purple
Chemical Dig.
Salivary Glands
Tongue
Trachea
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach

• Gall Bladder

Bile Duct
Duodenum
Pancreas
Pancreatic Duct
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Appendix
Small Intestine
Rectum
Anus
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Mini Quiz
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Duodenum
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Appendix
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1) Fatty Acids 2)Glycerol
Membranes -Energy Stores -Hormones
Energy Stored as Glycogen (in liver)
Glucose Chains of sugars, Glycogen
Amino acids, used to build proteins
Amino acids Humans can make 12 (need other 8 in
our diet)
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What happens to the Digestive End Products
(listed above)
Molecule Broken Into Used for
Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Membranes, Hormone Production
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Simple Sugars
Energy
Protein Synthesis
Amino Acids
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http//www.srcf.ucam.org/ajm226/mp/metabolism.jpg

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F. To speed Digestion organisms use chemicals
and enzymes

• a.  Acids
•         i.      HCl
•         ii.      Gastric Juices
• b.  Bile
•         i.      Soap like, makes fat soluble.
•         ii.      Aids absorption of Fat
• c.  Enzymes each enzyme (made of protein) is
  regulated, with a special job
•         i.      Jobs include
• Breaking down molecules and building molecules
  the body needs.

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Enzymes

• ii. Fit molecules like a Lock and
  Key
• 1) Some examples
• Pepsin breaks down proteins.
• Lipase cuts up fats.

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• d. Glucose is coupled together into starch in
  the roots of plants for storage.
• e. The enzyme for this reaction is called
  __________________

Starch Synthase
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• f. The chemical reaction that occurs is a
  Dehydration Synthesis, draw the structures of two
  glucose molecules being joined to create a
  disaccharide (see earlier Notes)

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G. Digestive Enzymes
Salivary Glands
Mouth Stomach
Polysaccharides ? Disaccharides
Polypeptides ? Shorter polypeptides
Stomach Duodenum
Pancreas
Stomach
Milk ? Cheese
Pancreas
Fats (lipids) ? Fatty Acids Glycerol
Pancreas
Duodenum
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Amylase

• Cuts up starches into smaller sugars

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Pepsin

• Cuts up proteins

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Lipase

• Cuts fats into fatty acids and glycerol

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• H. Name the chemical process used to digest
• Fats - hydrolysis
• Carbohydrates - hydrolysis
• Proteins - hydrolysis

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Carbohydrate (red) Protein (blue) Fat (green) Enzyme for digestion at this point. Where is this enzyme made? physical or chemical change
Double sugar (red) Salivary amylase (red) Salivary glands C
Polypeptide (blue) Pepsin and hydrochoric acid (blue) Stomach C
Emulsified fat (green) Bile (green) Liver P
Peptide (blue) Trypsin (blue)
Fatty acids and glycerol (green) Lipase (green) Pancreas C
Polysaccharide to double sugar (red) Pancreatic amylase (red)
Amino acids (blue) Erepsin (blue)
Single sugar (red) Various bacterial hydrolases (red) Small Intestine C
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Digestive Enzymes MINI QUIZ
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Lab 44 Set Up
Masking tape flap to make it easy to take off
tomorrow
Name Tube 3
Name Tube 2
Name Tube 4
Name Tube 1
All Tubes have 5 ml of water(1 inch) 1 drop of
cream 10 drops of LITMUS
Only 2 and 3 have Lipase
Only 3 and 4 have Bile
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b. Enzyme Action
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Dietary Recommendations
2000 Cal Diet 2500 Cal Diet
lt 30 Total Fat lt 65 g lt 80 g
Sat. Fat 20 g 25 g
Poly 22 g 27 g
Mono 23 g 28 g

Cholesterol lt 300 mg lt 300 mg
Salt lt 2400 mg lt 2400 mg
Carbohydrates 300 g 375 g
Dietary Fiber 25 g 30 g
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Calories Burned
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Summary
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Lab TEST Question 9