Habitats, Niches, and Community Interactions

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Autotroph
Heterotroph
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Food Web
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Energy Flow
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Energy Pyramids
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Habitats, Niches, and Community Interactions

• 4.2 Pg. 90-93

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Biotic and Abiotic Factors

• Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of
  biological and physical factors
• Biotic Factors the biological influences on
  organisms
• Abiotic Factors Physical, or nonliving, factors
• i.e. temp, precipitation, humidity, wind,
  nutrient availability, soil, sunlight, etc.

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Habitats and Niches

• Habitat the area where an organism lives.
  Includes both the biotic abiotic factors
• Niche the full range of physical biological
  conditions in which an organism lives the way
  in which the organism uses those conditions

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Niche includes

• Place in the food web
• Range of temp. organism needs to survive
• Type of food organism eats
• How it obtains food
• Who uses the organism for food
• Physical conditions required to survive
• When how organism reproduces

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Competitive Exclusion Principle

• No two species can share a niche in the same
  habitat!!...example is the Warblers

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Warbler Niches Each of these warbler species has a different niche in its spruce tree habitat. By feeding in different areas of the tree, the birds avoid competing with one another for food.  
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Community Interactions

• Community interactions, such as competition,
  predation, and various forms of symbiosis can
  powerfully affect an ecosystem.

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Competition

• Competition occurs when organisms of the same or
  different species attempt to use a resource at
  the same place and time.

Trees in competition for light
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Predation

• Predation one organism captures and feeds on
  another

Lynx and Hare
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Symbiosis

• Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species
  live closely together
• Mutualism both species benefit

Clownfish and sea anemone
Hummingbird and Flower
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• Commensalism one species benefits, other neither
  harmed nor helped

Barnacles on a whale
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• Parasitism one organism lives in or in another
  harms it

A flea or tick feeds on the blood of its host and
may also carry disease-causing microorganisms
Mistletoe in a tree
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Characteristics of Populations5.1 pg. 119-122
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Characteristics of Populations are

1. Geographic distribution (area inhabited by
   population)
2. Density
3. Growth rate
4. Age structure

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Factors that affect population size are

• Number of births
• Number of deaths
• Number of individuals that enter or leave
  population
• Immigration move in
• Emigration move out

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• If a population has abundant space and food and
  is protected from predators disease, then
  organisms will multiply and the population will
  increase.

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Exponential growth occurs when the individuals of
a population reproduce at a constant rate.
J-shaped Curve Exponential growth
Occurs under ideal conditions with unlimited
resources
(Has not reached its carrying capacity)
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S-shaped curve Logistic Growth
Populations are limited by space, food, etc.
Carrying capacity largest number of individuals
that a given environment can support