Jefferson to Jackson

1
Jefferson to Jackson

• History 201 Early American History

2
Themes in US History in the Era

• Sectional disunity
• States Rights vs. Federalism
• Growth of power of Judicial branch
• Judicial Review and high profile cases
• Entangling Alliances
• Development of political identities/parties
• End of elitism, beginning of era of the common
  man
• Endless hunger for land
• Indian Removal

3
Jefferson as President

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vMQVRUZFM8Iw
  Elect Jefferson advertisement
• More moderate than in the 1790s
• "Revolution of 1800
• Inaugural speech "We are all Republicans, we
  are all Federalists."
• Pledged "honest friendship with all nations,
  entangling alliances with none.
• First party overturn in the history of the
  country
• Significance Demonstrated the efficacy of a
  two-party system

4
Jeffersons Style

• Less pretentious
• Sent a clerk to read presidential messages (e.g.
  annual message)
• Contrasted with Federalist practice of president
  making personal appearances which seemed
  monarchical
• Small dinners, seating without rank
• Often received callers in sloppy attire
  aristocrats shocked Jefferson shook hands with
  guests.
• Reduced the number and grandeur of formal events
• Rode on horseback about the Capital instead of
  using a carriage.

5
Jefferson as President

• Kept most public servants from the Federalist
  administration
• Kept the Hamiltonian system intact with the
  exception of excise taxes
• Maintained the Bank of the U.S.
• Retained the mildly protective tariff
• Did not tamper with Federalist programs for
  funding national debt at par and assuming
  Revolutionary War debts of the states.
• Pragmatist, not an idealist
• Lessen rift between parties

6
Jefferson's Presidency

• Peaceful transfer of power in 1801.
• Maintained many Federalist programs Nat'l Bank,
  tariffs, funding debt at par, kept most public
  servants from Federalist administrations.
• Supreme Court issues Marbury v. Madison,
• Expansion Louisiana Purchase
• Tripolitan Wars Embargo Act

7
"The government that governs least, governs best."

• Reversals of Federalist policies
• Defended rights provided by Bill of Rights and
  Constitution
• Enacted new naturalization law in 1802 return of
  5 year requirement for citizenship
• Alien and Sedition Laws had expired in 1801
  parts that were still in effect were removed.
• Succeeded in substantially reducing the national
  debt while balancing the budget by cutting
  government spending.
• Reduced Hamiltons standing army but upheld need
  for stronger navy.
• Emphasized states rights
• Encouraged development of an agrarian nation

8
John Marshall and the Supreme Court

• Act of 1801         1. Federalists created 16
  new judgeships and other judicial offices
          2. Jeffersonians charged Federalists
  were packing judicial branch for life.        
  5. Act repealed by the newly elected Republican
  Congress in 1802.
• John Marshall         1. Appointed Chief Justice
  during last days of Adams' term         2.
  Served 34 years         3. Continued handing
  down Federalist decisions long after Federalist
  party was dead.

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Marbury vs Madison, 1803

• Judicial Review
• Marshall gave Supreme Court power to rule a law
  by Congress unconstitutional
• Contrasted with the Kentucky Resolutions where
  Jefferson had claimed states had that right (due
  to compact theory).
• Power of Supreme Court greatly enhanced -- 1st
  time declared something unconstitutional

11
Impeachment of Samuel Chase

• Went from being a States Righter to Federalist
  in policy
• Jefferson supported attempt to remove Chase
• Senate failed to convict Chase in early 1805
  Evidence clear that judge had not been guilty of
  "high crimes and misdemeanors", only of bad
  manners and unrestrained partisanship.
• Significance no further attempts to reshape the
  Court by impeachment
• Reassured the independence of the judiciary and
  the separation of powers in gov't.

12
Tripolitan War

• Plundering of U.S. ships by pirates of the North
  African states led to increased military.
• War seemed cheaper than peace in 1801.
• Pasha of Tripoli declared war on the U.S.
• US wins with "mosquito fleet") that later proved
  ineffective during the War of 1812

13
The Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon seemed to pose a possible military
  threat to U.S., perhaps requiring U.S. to make
  alliances with other European powers.
• Napoleon decided to sell all Louisiana and
  abandon his dream of a New World Empire
• Decided to use sale of Louisiana as revenue for
  his conquest of Europe.
• Did not want to be distracted by the U.S. as an
  enemy in North America.
• More than doubled size of US

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Most important land purchase in U.S. History

• Constitution did not authorize the President to
  negotiate treaties incorporating huge new
  expanses of land into the union.
• Secretly proposed an amendment to the
  Constitution to provide for such an act.
• Land-hungry Americans jubilantly supported the
  purchase
• Paved way for westward expansion
• Accelerated rise of U.S. as economic political
  power
• Hastened Indian Removal. By 1890, all remaining
  Native Americans in the region would be on
  reservations.
• Ended European expansion in North America
• Boosted national unity

16
Exploration of Louisiana Territory

• Lewis and Clark Expedition bolstered U.S. claim
  to Oregon further opened West to trade
  exploration.
• Zebulon M. Pike
• 1805-1807, explored headwaters of the
  Mississippi, Colorado New Mexico
• Spain concerned of increased settlement in these
  Spanish regions.

17
Meanwhile . . .

• Back at Home
• (Conspiracy and Intrigue)

18
Essex Junto (1804) the exploits of Aaron Burr

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vNPlw5RK0e5Q
• Essex Junto Federalist extremists plotted for
  New England's secession from the union and the
  creation of a seven-state northern confederacy
• New England a highly sectional Federalist
  stronghold threatened by Jefferson dominance
  the Louisiana Purchase which would lead to
  western influence
• Plotters courted Hamilton to run for governor of
  NY in 1804 and then lead the secessionist
  movement.
• Hamilton refuseddid not see Louisiana as the
  problem, only the expansion of democracy.
• Plotters then courted Vice President Burr.
• Hamilton led opposition to Burrs NY
  gubernatorial campaign. Burr was defeated and his
  plot was exposed by Hamilton
• Burr kills Hamilton in a duel.
•                

19
More Intrigue and Conspiracy

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vNPlw5RK0e5Q Aaron
  Burr
• In 1806, Burr attempted to separate the western
  part of the U.S. from the eastern part and unite
  it with to-be-conquered Spanish territory west of
  the Louisiana Territory and perhaps in northern
  Mexico.
• Burr was eventually exposed to Jefferson
• Burr arrested in 1806 in Natchez and tried next
  year at Richmond, VA.

20
Jefferson re-elected in 1804

• Incorporated Federalist principles during his
  first administration minimized Federalist
  appeal.
• More pluses International peace, territorial
  expansion, and inexpensive, unobtrusive
  government
• Republicans Obvious Choice

21
Yazoo Land Controversy, 1804

• Jeffersons opponents accuse him of mis-use of
  land grants
• Georgia wrongfully granted millions of acres
  prior to turning land over to the federal govt.
• land companies had bribed GA legislators for
  millions of acres in land grants
• Jefferson and Madison attempted to repay the new
  (corrupt) land owners for lands ceded to federal
  govt
• Significance
• Created strife within Republican party and
  weakened Jefferson during 2nd term.

22
Trouble with France
23
Berlin Decree 1806

• Harassment of U.S. shipping
• British controlled seas but France controlled
  continent.
• British began seizing American ships to end U.S.
  practice of importing French goods into U.S.
  re-exporting them as neutral cargo.
• Berlin Decree, 1806
• Napoleon to starve Britain by closing ports of
  the continent to British commerce and outlawing
  all trade with British Isles.
• American ships would be confiscated by France.
• England closed ports under French continental
  control to foreign shipping
• Neutrals (e.g. U.S.) might enter Napoleonic ports
  only if they first stopped Britain.
• American ships that didnt stop at Britain prior
  to entering the Continent would be confiscated.

24
Milan Decree, 1807

• Napoleons retaliation
• Any neutral ship entering a British port, or
  submitting to a British warship at sea, would be
  confiscated by if it attempted to enter a
  Continental port.
• British Impressment 6,000 Americans from
  1808-1811 many died or were killed in service.
• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (June 21, 1807)
• British commander demanded surrender of four
  alleged deserters on the U.S.S. Chesapeake
  American captain refused. British fired at the
  Chesapeake 3 dead 18 wounded
• American reaction the most hostile since XYZ
  affair 10 years earlier.
• Jefferson, nevertheless, used the incident to
  incite calls for U.S. action.            

25
Embargo Act -- 1807

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vbhd6Ix88Jd0
• Loose construction of the Constitution Congress'
  power to "regulate commerce" meant it could stop
  exports.
• Undermined Jeffersons states rights philosophy
• Embargo Act was a disaster to the U.S. economy
• Illegal trade mushroomed as a result
• Jefferson got Congress to pass harsh enforcement
  laws.
• Viewed by many as tyrannical.
• New England again talked of secession    

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Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

• Formally reopened trade with all nations except
  France and Britain
• Reasons for embargo's failure         1. U.S.
  overestimated British dependence on American
  trade, underestimated British resolve.        
  2. Embargo not long enough or well controlled
          3. Embargo Act proved to be three times
  as costly as war        4. Worsened the conflict
  between Britain France
• New England forced to become self-sufficient once
  again.
• The Embargo eventually wins      
• Election of 1808 impacted by the Embargo Act
  issue         1.  Federalists made significant
  gains in Congress (although still in minority)
  and gained control of several state legislatures.

28
Jefferson's Legacy

• Expansion!
• Orderly expansion in Old Northwest
• Southern conquest difficult due to Spanish
  presence.
• Ended unwanted European expansion in North
  America with Louisiana Purchase.
• Soft-side of Jeffersonian expansion invasion of
  Canada during War of 1812
• Hard side of Jeffersonian expansion removal of
  Indians, blacks, and Spanish (in during Madison
  and Monroes presidencies)
• Empire and liberty for whites only.
• Jeffersonians believed free blacks should not be
  allowed to migrate west.

29
Jeffersons Legacy

• Creation of a democratic non-aristocratic
  government.
• "Government that governs least, governs best."
• Lowered debt, balanced budget, promoted states
  rights
• Two-term presidency
• More than two terms might lead to dictatorship.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTtunYdxGLckfeature
  related
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vLsDACbjK8tY
•            

30
Federalist Defeat complete by 1816

• "High Federalists"
• Creation of European-like aristocracy through
  intermarriage, creation of standing army, and
  govt suppression of political opponents.
• Scandal Burr encouraged secession of western
  territory.
• Jefferson kept the country out of a damaging
  European war
• War of 1812 not until late in Madisons first
  term.

31
War of 1812

• "To have shrunk, under such circumstances, from
  manly resistance, would have been a degradation
  blasting our best and proudest hopes
• It would have acknowledged that the American
  people were not an independent people, but
  colonists and vassals.
• President James Madison, November 1812

32
James Madison The Little Magician

• Inaugurated in March, 1809
• "Virginia dynasty
• Strongly Jeffersonian in his views

33
Macon's Bill No. 2

• Replaced Non-Intercourse Act of 1809.
• Purpose entice Britain or France to repeal
  commercial restrictions
• U.S. would restore non-importation against the
  non-repealing nation
• Napoleon seized the opportunity with hopes of
  getting U.S. in a war with Britain
• Madison gave the British 3 months or the U.S.
  would restore non-importation
• Britain angered and demanded U.S. withdraw
  restrictions on Britain until France had
  withdrawn all their restrictions on American
  shipping.
• Napoleon had no real intention of honoring the
  agreement.

34
War Hawks

• New young leaders from South West , Strongly
  nationalistic
• Wanted war to achieve the glory their fathers had
  in Revolutionary War. War Hawks desired U.S. to
  attack Canada to remove further Indian threats.
  Southern expansionists desired Spanish Florida
• Henry Clay (from Kentucky) elected Speaker of the
  House
• John C. Calhoun elected as a representative of
  South Carolina.
• Battle of Tippecanoe Western war hawks eager to
  wipe out resistance against white settlers in the
  western wilderness
• General William H. Harrison advanced with 1,000
  men and advanced upon Indian headquarters.
• Significance Essentially ended the Indian
  threat Indians pushed further west.

35
Daniel Webster

• Federalist, spoke against entry into the war.
• Spoke eloquently on behalf of New England
  manufacturing interests.
• Webster had ghost written many of John Marshalls
  opinions.

36
U.S. declares war on Britain in June, 1812

• Why did U.S. fight Britain when France had
  committed nearly as many maritime offenses?
          1. Traditional Republican (Jeffersonian)
  partiality toward France         2. Visibility
  of British impressments and arming of
  Indians.        3. Lure of British Canada
  timber, fishing, pelts.
• Resentful New Englanders hurt U.S. war effort.
          1. Believed British actions were old and
  exaggerated wrongs still disliked France
          2. New England merchants making handsome
  profits before the war.         3. Opposed
  acquisition of Canada which would add more
  agrarian states (Jeffersonian).         4. New
  England investors lent more money to Britain than
  to U.S.         5. New England farmers sent
  supplies and foodstuffs to Canada, helping
  Britain to invade New York.         6. New
  England governors refused to permit their
  militias to serve outside their states.

37
War of 1812

• Small war -- 6,000 Americans killed or wounded
• Mostly Canadians fought Americans, very few
  British.
• One of America's most poorly-fought wars on land.
              a. Nation militarily unprepared for
  war             b. Attack on Canada a complete
  failure.             c. Washington, D.C., burned
  by British             d. British nearly won
  large territories in the New York and New
  England.
• National disunity Federalists undermined war
  effort
• U.S. Navy out performed the Royal Navy on the
  Great Lakes
• Andrew Jackson emerged as a national hero for
  defending New Orleans.
• William H. Harrison a hero and later and also
  elected President.
• War ended in a stalemate, but America gained
  respect diplomatically and militarily
• Fall of the Federalists Reduction of
  sectionalism
• Large Native-American losses during war.
• Relinquished vast areas of forested land north of
  the Ohio River.
• American industry was stimulated by less
  dependence on Br. manufacturing.

38
Unprepared for War

• Economy hurt by Embargo Act and non-intercourse
• Regular army inadequate supplemented by even
  more poorly trained militia.
• Britain possessed the best navy in the world.
• British maintained a blockade on American
  Atlantic ports for most of the war which U.S.
  shipping and caused significant opposition to the
  war.
• Jeffersons navy was inadequate.
• U.S. attack on Canada was a strategic failure
• Americans falsely believed Canadians would easily
  crumble.
• 80 of Canadians in Upper Canada (Ontario) were
  post-Revolution Loyalists.
• If U.S. had concentrated on Montreal, Canada
  would have fallen

39
1814

• Napoleon subdued and British concentrated on
  North America.
• Set fire to most public buildings incl. Capitol
  and the White House.
• Retaliation for American burning Canadian capital
  at York.
• Francis Scott Key, Star Spangled Banner

40
General Jackson

• Victorious in the Southwest and at New Orleans
• British strategy in addition to Canada and the
  Atlantic coast was to take the U.S. Gulf Coast
  and New Orleans.
• Mississippi Creek Indians 400 Americans killed
  General Andrew Jackson retaliated by attacking a
  Creek village and killing 300

41
Battle of New Orleans

• Significance Bought time for Jacksons 7,000-man
  army to fortify New Orleans
• Battle of New Orleans British blundered by
  launching a frontal assault in Jan. 1815
• Jackson commanded 7,000-man force of sailors,
  regulars, pirates, Frenchmen,  free  blacks
  militiamen from LA, KY and TN
• Over 2,000 killed wounded in 1/2 hour compared
  to about 70 Americans.
• Battle of New Orleans resulted in tremendous
  upsurge of American pride and nationalism
• Jackson became the hero of the West            

42
Naval Battles

• Americans didn't have nearly enough large
  warships to challenge Britain at sea.
• American privateers more effective than the U.S.
  navy (as in Revolutionary War)
• British manufacturers, merchants, shippers put
  strong pressure on Parliament to end the war due
  to U.S. privateers' damage of Br. shipping.
• British responded with a crushing blockade along
  America's coast and by landing raiding parties
  almost at will.             a. U.S. economy was
  crippled.             b. U.S treasury was
  bankrupt.

43
Treaty of Ghent (1814)

• Both sides agreed to stop fighting and to restore
  conquered territory.
• No mention of pre-war U.S. grievances
  impressment, Indian menace, search and seizure,
  confiscations.
• Americans retained right to fish off Canadian
  coast
• Americans rejoiced -- many expected to lose
  territory.

44
Hartford Convention

• New England Federalists and some Republicans
  adamantly opposed to the war.
• Hartford Convention (Dec. 15, 1814 -- Jan. 5,
  1815)
• Purpose Discuss grievances and seek redress
• Immediate goal to secure financial assistance
  from Washington due to British blockading menace
  on New England shores.
• A minority of radical delegates urged secession
• Convention recommended amendments to the
  Constitution
• End 3/5 Compromise, reduce Southern influence in
  House
• 2/3 vote for an embargo, admission of western
  states and declaration of war.
• Limit the term of the President
• Deny naturalized citizens (usually Republicans)
  right to hold office    

45
International legacies

• American hatred of the British and mutual
  suspicion would last for decades.
• Canadian patriotism and nationalism was boosted
  some say birth of the Canadian nation.
• Naval arms race between U.S. and Britain began in
  the Great Lakes.
• Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)         1. Severely
  limited naval armament on the lakes.         2.
  By 1870, U.S. Canada shared longest unfortified
  border in the world (5,500 mi)
• Americans no longer worried of European
  intervention in North America.         1. New
  sense of nationality.         2. Turned towards
  settlement of the West.

46
PRESIDENT MONROE AND THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

• At no period of our political existence had we so
  much cause to felicitate ourselves at the
  prosperous and happy condition of our country.
  -- James Monroe

47
1812 and Nationalism

• Madison more popular when leaving office in 1817
  than when he assumed it in 1809
• Why?
• Victories, especially Battle of New Orleans
• Death of the Federalist party reduced
  sectionalism reduced states rights-ism
• Lessening of economic and political dependence on
  Europe
• Westward expansion and optimism about the future
• Americans coming to regard themselves as
  Americans first and state citizens second.

48
Henry Clay's American System

• BUS, tariffs, internal improvements
• Second National Bank voted by Congress in 1816.
• Lack of national backing during the War of 1812
  created a banking vacuum
• Local banks sprung up all over the country
• Country flooded by depreciated bank notes that
  hampered the war effort.
• Modeled after the first National Bank but with 3
  1/2 times more capital 35 mil.
• Jeffersonians supported the revived bank.
              a. Used same arguments that Hamilton
  had used in 1791.             b. Ironically,
  Federalists denounced it as unconstitutional.

49
Tariff of 1816

• Purpose protection of American manufacturing
  from British competition.
• After the war, Brits flooded U.S. with cheap
  goods, often below cost too strangle infant U.S.
  industries
• Americans perceived this as British attempt to
  crush U.S. factories.
• First protective tariff in U.S. History
• 20-25 duties on imports
• Not really high enough to provide completely
  adequate safeguards

50
Henry Clays Strategy

• Tariffs way to develop a profitable home
  market.
• Eastern trade would flourish under protection.
• Tariff revenues would fund roads and canals in
  the interior esp. Ohio Valley.
• Frontier folks wanted better transportation
  poor-no roads existed.
• Foodstuffs, raw materials from the South and West
  would flow into the North and East

51
Internal Improvements (failure)

• Congress passed Calhoun's Bonus Bill in 1817
  would have given 1.5 mil. to states for internal
  improvements.
• Madison claimed it was unconstitutional
              b. His successor, James Monroe,
  followed suit.             c. Jeffersonians
  hated idea of direct federal support of
  intrastate internal improvements saw it as a
  states rights issue
• New England opposed federally constructed roads
  canals would drain away population and create
  competing states in the West.
• Prior to Civil War, most internal improvements
  (except railroads) were done at the expense of
  state and local governments.

52
Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)

• James Monroe elected President in 1816
• Death of Federalist party
• Federalist liabilities
• "Disloyalty" during the Wr of 1812
• Became extremely sectional
• Jefferson had adopted many of their most
  important ideas
• Originally nationalistic now opposed to
  Republican nationalism
• "Era of Good Feelings" ushered in by Monroe's
  1817 inspection tour of military bases from New
  England to Detroit (term coined by a newspaper
  man covering the tour)

53
"Era of Good Feelings

• Misnomer Acute issues troubled the country.
          1. Sectionalism         2. Tariff issue
  (east and south opposed west in favor)        
  3. Internal improvements (east and south opposed
  west in favor)         4. Bank of U.S. (west and
  south opposed eastern bankers in favor)        
  5. Sale of public lands (east opposed west and
  south in favor)        
• Monroe's presidency oversaw two major events
          1. Panic of 1819         2. Missouri
  Compromise of 1820

54
Panic of 1819

• First financial panic since the "Critical Period"
  of the 1780s
• Causes
• Overspeculation on frontier lands by banks
• Inflation from 1812 war economic drop-off after
  war
• Significant deficit in balance of trade with
  Britain            
• Need for reform and pressure for increased
  democracy.
• Hard hit poor classes looking for more responsive
  gov't (beginnings of Jacksonian democracy)
• Directed attention to inhumanity of imprisoning
  debtors.    
• Monroe reelected in 1820 with all but one
  electoral vote (nearly unanimous)         --
  Only president in history to be elected after a
  major panic.

55
The Growing West

• New states' characteristics         1. No
  long-established history of states' rights
          2. More than other regions, depended on
  federal gov't where it had secured most of its
  land.         3. Melting pot of a wide diversity
  of peoples immigrating from the east.    
• Maintaining a sectional balance in Congress was a
  supreme goal.

56
Reasons for explosive westward expansion

• Cheap lands in the Ohio territory attracted large
  numbers of European immigrants.
• Land exhaustion in older tobacco states drove
  people westward.
• Speculators accepted small down payments
• Economic distress of embargo years
• Crushing of Indians cleared much of the frontier.
  
• Transportation Revolution improved land routes to
  Ohio Valley.
• Cumberland Road built in 1811 ran from MD to
  Illinois.
• Emergence of the steamboat in 1811 made upstream
  travel possible.
• Canals beginning in 1826 allowed for increased
  trade between west and east.

57
The Growing West

• West still remained weak in population and
  influence
• Forced to ally itself with other sections when
  addressing national political issues.
• Demanded land reform cheap transportation (got
  it slowly), cheap money issued its own "wildcat"
  banks, fought the powerful Bank of he US to get
  its goals

58
The Missouri compromise

• Id rather be right than be president. --
  Henry Clay

59
Missouri Compromise of 1820

• http//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?story
  Id7043103
• Missouri asked Congress to enter the union in
  1819
• Tallmadge Amendment passed by the House of
  Representatives in response.             a. No
  more slaves could be brought into Missouri
              b. Gradual emancipation of children
  born to slave parents already there.
• Southern states viewed Tallmadge Amendment as
  threat to sectional balance.
• Senate still balanced 11 free to 11 slave states
  parity had to be maintained
• Jefferson Crisis "a firebell in the night."
• Fast increase in northern population and economy
  and political balance in the House of
  Representatives troubled the south
• Future of the slave system caused southerners
  profound concern.             a. Missouri first
  state entirely west of the Mississippi made from
  the Louisiana Territory. There would be more.
              b. Tallmadge amendment might set a
  precedent for the rest of the area to be free.
              c. If Congress could abolish slavery
  in Missouri, it might try in southern states.
              d. Antislavery agitators in the
  North used the occasion to protest
• The Senate refused to pass the amendment and as
  the crisis loomed

60
Missouri Compromise of 1820

• Provisions             a. Congress agreed to
  admit Missouri as a slave state.             b.
  Maine was admitted as a free-soil state.
                  -- Balance kept at 12 to 12 for
  the next 15 years.             c. Future slavery
  prohibited north of 36-30' line, the southern
  border of Missouri.
• Compromise was largely accepted by both sides
              a. South got Missouri            
  b. North won concession that it could forbid
  slavery in the remaining territories above 36-30
  line
• Northern advantage because Spanish territory in
  southwest prevented significant southern
  expansion westward.
• Southerners not overly concerned of lands north
  of 36-30 as lands not conducive to slave-labor
  cash crop agriculture.

61
Legacy of the Compromise

• Lasted 34 years and preserved the union (until
  the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854)
• Slavery became a dominant issue in American
  politics.
• Serious setback to national unity
• South began to develop a sectional nationalism of
  its own.
• Looked to the young West for allies
• Clay criticized by subsequent generations as an
  "appeaser"             a. Yet, nation was
  founded on compromise no one section could
  dominate             b. End of compromise in the
  1850s resulted in civil war.

62
The Supreme Court

• We must never forget that it is a constitution we
  are expounding John Marshall

63
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

• Marshall most important chief justice in U.S.
  history (1801-1835)
• Significantly strengthened the Supreme Court in
  Marbury v. Madison (1803)
• Increased power of the federal government over
  the states.             a. Strengthened the
  union and helped create a stable, nationally
  uniform environment for business.             b.
  Checked excesses of the popularly elected state
  legislatures.             c. Ironically, his
  decisions at times hampered democracy at a time
  when America was become much more democratic
  during the Jacksonian era.         3. Examined
  cases from a Federalist philosophy and found
  legal precedents to support his Hamiltonian
  views.
• Jeffersonian attempts to balance the Court with
  Republicans failed.
• Republicans came to accept the Federalist ideal
  of strong central gov't.

64
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

• Protection of property rights against popular
  pressures
• Issue New Georgia legislature canceled a
  contract granting 35 million acres in the Yazoo
  River country (Miss.) to private speculators as a
  form of graft.
• Previous legislature had made the grant in what
  was called "Yazoo Land Controversy during
  Jeffersons presidency.
• Significance Court ruled the Constitution
  forbids state from "impairing contracts".
              a. One of earliest examples of Court
  asserting its right to invalidate state laws.
              b. Court stated the legislative
  grant was a contract (albeit fraudulently secured)

65
Martin v. Hunters Lessee (1816)

• Issue Did Supreme Court (as provided for in
  Judiciary Act of 1789) have the right to review
  decisions of state supreme courts where federal
  statutes or treaties were involved or when state
  laws had been upheld under the federal
  Constitution?
• Virginia sought to disregard Treaty of Paris
  (1783) and Jays Treaty (1794) regarding
  confiscation of Loyalist lands.
• Decision Supreme Court rejected state claims of
  equal sovereignty with the federal govt.
• Significance Upheld Supremacy Clause of the
  Constitution and federal judicial supremacy over
  the states.

66
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• Blow to states' rights
• Issue Maryland tried to destroy Baltimore branch
  of the BUS by taxing its notes.
• Marshall declared US bank constitutional invoking
  Hamilton's doctrine of implied powers (elastic
  clause of the constitution -- "necessary
  proper").
• "Loose construction" given major boost.
• Argued the Constitution derived from the consent
  of the people and thus permitted the gov't to act
  for their benefit.
• Denied Maryland the right to tax the bank
  "..that the power to tax involves the power to
  destroy" and "that a power to create implies the
  power to preserve."

67
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

• Protection of property rights from the states
• Issue New Hampshire changed a charter granted to
  the college by King George III in 1769.
  Republicans sought to remove "private" aspect of
  school and make a state institution.
• Dartmouth appealed defended by Daniel Webster,
  an alumnus.
• Ruling Charter was a contract states could not
  invalidate it according to Constitution.
• Significance             a. Positive
  safeguarded business from domination by the
  states.             b. Negative set precedent
  giving corporations the ability to escape govt
  control.

68
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

• Blow to states' rights
• Issue Virginia courts convicted Cohens for
  selling lottery tickets illegally.            
  a. State supreme court upheld the decision
              b. Marshall overturned it.
• Significance Marshall asserted right of Supreme
  Court to review decisions of the state supreme
  courts in all questions involving powers of the
  federal gov't.

69
Gibbons v. Ogden -- 1824

• Blow to states' rights
• Issue NY tried to grant a monopoly of river
  commerce between NY NJ to             a
  private company (owned by Ogden). Gibbons had
  congressional approval to conduct business on
  the same waters.
• Significance Marshall ruled Constitution
  conferred on Congress alone the right to control
  interstate commerce.
• Court ruled interstate streams were to regulated
  by Congress, not individual states.

70

• Daniel Webster became an important influence in
  Marshalls decisions.         1. Advocated
  strongly Federalist and nationalist views before
  the Supreme Court.             -- He actually
  "ghost wrote" some of the Courts opinions.
          2. Classic speeches in the Senate,
  challenging states' rights and nullification,
  were             largely repetitions of
  arguments he earlier presented to the Supreme
  Court.

71

• Foreign Policy after the War of 1812     A.
  Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) during Madisons
  presidency         1. Severely limited naval
  armament on the lakes.         2. By 1870, U.S.
  Canada shared longest unfortified border in the
  world (5,500 mi)     B. Treaty of 1818
  (Convention of 1818) with England (during
  Madisons presidency)         1. Negotiated by
  John Quincy Adams, one of the nation's great sec.
  of states.         2. Provisions            
  a. Fixed the American-Canadian border at the 49th
  parallel from Lake of the                 Woods
  to the Rocky Mountains.             b. 10-year
  joint occupation of Oregon Territory w/o
  surrender of claims of by either country.
              c. Permitted Americans to share
  Newfoundland fisheries with the Canadians.

72
Monroe Doctrine

• European monarchs, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and
  France -- "Holy Alliance" alarmed at Latin
  American revolutions and European democratic
  tendencies.
• Saw democracy as a threat to absolute monarchy.
• Americans alarmed at European hostility to
  democracy in Western Hemisphere
• Great Britain sought an alliance with the U.S. to
  protect its interests in Latin America
• Br. foreign secretary, George Canning, proposed a
  joint declaration, warning European despots from
  to stay away from Latin American Republics.

73
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74
Monroe Doctrine

• 1823
• President's annual message to Congress
  incorporated stern warning to Europeans
• Colonial  powers could keep their existing
  colonies but gain no new ones.
• Non-intervention in the Americas let new
  republics govern themselves
• Directed primarily at Russia, whom the U.S.
  feared would threaten the Pacific coast
• Nationalistic Americans widely supported the
  proclamation
• No "entangling alliances.
• European monarchs angered and offended at U.S.
  haughtiness
• Long-term impact Monroe Docrtine became
  cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy during last
  half of 19th century and throughout 20th century.
         

75
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

• Americans are not a perfect people, but we are
  called to a perfect mission.
• Any man worth his salt will stick up for what he
  believes right, but it takes a slightly better
  man to acknowledge instantly and without
  reservation that he is in error.

76
The "New Democracy"

• By 1820s, aristocracy  was becoming outmoded
  while democracy was becoming respectable.
• Politicians now forced to cater to the voting
  masses
• Jeffersonian democracy the people should be
  governed as little as possible.
• Jacksonian democracy government should be done
  directly by the people.

77
New Democracy

• New Democracy based on universal white manhood
  suffrage rather than property qualifications --
  common man now more influential.
• Between 1812 and 1821, 6 new western states
  granted universal manhood suffrage
• Between 1810 and 1821, four eastern states
  significantly reduced voting requirements
• However, blacks in north gradually
  disenfranchised by Civil War only New England
  allowed blacks to vote.
• New voters demanded a new type of politician that
  would represent common peoples
• Jackson was the result of the "New Democracy"
  rather than the cause of it
• Frederick Jackson Turner "The Significance of
  the Frontier on American History"
• Thesis Existence of cheap land in the West
  created a frontier society that shaped the
  American charactermore democratic and
  egalitarian

78
Rise of workingmens parties

• Free education for children
• 10-hr work day
• End to debtors prisons

79
Causes of the New Democracy

• Panic of 1819
• Workers and farmers blamed bankers (esp. BUS) and
  speculators for foreclosures on their
• Answer was to get more politically involved,
  especially followers of Andrew Jackson.
• State laws for prevention of debt imprisonment
  enacted

80
The Missouri Compromise

• Northern opposition to Missouris admission as a
  slave state aroused southern fears the federal
  govt would trample on states' rights.
• Prime Goal of white southerners Control the
  federal gov't for Souths preservation
• New Political Age
• A new two-party system reemerged by 1832
  Democrats vs. National Republicans/Whigs
• Voter turnout rose dramatically 25 of eligible
  voters in 1824 78 in 1840
• New style of politicking emerged (esp. in 1840
  election)
• Banners, badges, parades, barbecues, free drinks,
  baby kissing, etc.
• Voting reform Members of the Electoral College
  were being chosen directly by the people rather
  than state legislatures 18 of 24 states in 1824
  election.

81
Extension of the Missouri Compromise
82
Election of 1824 "The Corrupt Bargain"

• Candidates Jackson, Clay, William H. Crawford of
  GA, and J.Q. Adams of Mass. All four rivals were
  "Republicans"
• Jackson polled the most popular votes but did
  not have a majority of the electoral vote.
• 12th Amendment states House of Reps must choose
  among first three finishers   
• Clay finished 4th but was Speaker of the House
  and in charge of selection. Hated Jackson, his
  archrival for leadership in the West
• Early 1825, House of Representatives elected
  Adams president.         1. Largely due to
  Clay's behind-the-scenes influence         2.
  Jackson with the largest of the vote lost to
  second place Adams
• Adams announced Clay as secretary of state a few
  days later
• Jackson's supporters called the affair the
  "corrupt bargain"

83
President John Quincy Adams

• Ranks as one of the great secretaries of state
  but one of the least successful Presidents.   
• Hated spoils system only removed twelve public
  servants from the federal payroll
• Party workers dismayed that Adams did not reward
  them for their loyalty support
• Sectionalism increased while the Republican party
  fractured increased hatred of Adams and Clay by
  Jacksonians

84
The "Tariff of Abominations" (1828)

• Biggest issue of Adams presidency
• Congress had increased the general tariff in 1824
  from 23 on dutiable goods to 37        
• Jacksonites rigged up a plan for unseating Adams
  by creating a tariff bill that would send duties
  as high as 45 on New England manufactured
  goods.Westerners would blame Adams.        
• New England pushed for passage of the Tariff of
  1828 anyway and the bill passed.         1. New
  England factory owners sought more protection
  from foreign competition.         2. Daniel
  Webster argued for it reversed his previous
  position in the 1816 tariff         3. John C.
  Calhoun argued against it the tariff would hurt
  the South.
• Southern reaction strongly negative feared power
  of federal govt was too strong.         1.
  Southerners would suffer both as consumers and
  exporters.         2. John C. Calhoun's"The
  Southern Carolina Exposition"             a.
  Written secretly since Calhoun was Adams
  vice-president             b. Denounced the
  tariff as unjust and unconstitutional
              c. Stated states should nullify the
  tariff (similar to Jeffersons and Madisons
  Virginia and                 Kentucky
  Resolutions of 1798)             d. His desire
  was to save the Union by lowering the divisive
  tariff that offended the South.             e.
  No other state joined South Carolina in her
  heated protest.

85
Election of 1828

• Intense mudslinging between the two factions of
  the Republican party         1. National
  Republicans supported J.Q. Adams         2.
  Democratic Republicans supported Jackson
• Jackson defeated Adams 178 electoral votes to 83
  (pop. vote 647,286 to 508,064)
• First President from the West seen as a great
  common man
• Election called "The Revolution of 1828 No
  sitting president had been removed since John
  Adams in 1800
• Increased voter turnout in universal-white-manhood
  suffrage states was a powerful force. Balance of
  power was shifting from the East to the expanding
  West
• Jackson was the hero of the working masses.

86
Andrew Jackson ("Old Hickory")

• Personified the new West
• Suspicious of federal gov't as a bastion of
  privilege remote from popular scrutiny
• Like Jefferson, sought to reduce role of the
  federal govt in favor of states rights
• Fierce unionist and nationalist (to the dismay of
  the South) federal supremacy over states.
• At times defied will of Congress and the Supreme
  Court
• Employed the veto 12 times six predecessors
  combined only vetoed 10 times!
• Opponents condemned him as "King Andrew I"

87
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88
Jacksonian Democracy -- politics

• Increase of manhood suffrage
• Spoils System Rewarding political supporters
  with public office.            
• Jackson believed in the ideal of "rotation in
  office" or "turn about is fair play"            
  a. Civil service had in some ways become corrupt
  and ineffective             b. Goal Let as many
  citizens as possible hold office for at least a
  short time.             c. . Swiftest road to
  reform was to remove Adams-Clay appointees with
  loyal Jacksonians, yet, only 20 of incumbents
  were removed.
• However, set a precedent for "clean sweeps" in
  later administrations.
• Consequences of the spoils system             a.
  Spoils system begun on a national scale
              b. Many able citizens discouraged to
  hold office.             c. Competence and merit
  as ideals of office were subordinated while
  offices were prostituted to political ends
              d. Scandal accompanied the new
  system             e. A political machine built
  around Jackson resulted.

89
Webster-Hayne Debate

• Cause Late 1829, a New England senator
  introduced a bill designed to curb sale of public
  lands
• Western senators furiously defended their
  interests.  
• Southern senators, seeking allies against the
  Northeast, sided with the West.
• Stage was set for a showdown in the Senate
• Webster-Hayne Debate lasted nine days in January,
  1830.

90
States Rights . . . Again

• Condemned disloyalty of New England during the
  War of 1812
• Condemned New England's selfish inconsistency on
  the protective tariff.
• Blasted the "Tariff of Abominations" (1828
• Calhoun's doctrine of nullification only means of
  protecting Southern rights.
• Preserve the Union by protecting Southern
  interests.     

91
Websters Response

• Insisted the people not the states had framed the
  Constitution and blasted the doctrine of
  nullification.
• "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and
  inseparable.
• Result of the Debate each side believed its
  champion had won.
• Impact of Webster's Response
• Many credit Webster for helping win the Civil War
  by arousing the new generation of northerners to
  fight for the ideal of Union.

92
Jefferson Day Toast (1830)

• Southern strategy was to devise a series of
  toasts in honor of Jefferson that would lead
  toward states' rights and nullification.
• Plotters assumed Jackson would be swept along by
  the toasts and commiserate.
• Jackson received word of the plot and carefully
  prepared his response.
• Jackson "Our Union It must be preserved!
• Calhoun replied "The union, next to our liberty,
  most dear!"

93
Peggy Eaton Affair

• Snubbed by the wives of Jackson's cabinet members
  especially by wife of Calhoun.
• Jackson, remembering his late wife, defended Mrs.
  Eaton
• Jackson began purging Calhouns allies in the
  cabinet in 1831.
• In reality, this issue was minor
• Tariffs were the major immediate issue between
  Jackson and Calhoun
• Jackson learned Calhoun had criticized him during
  his earlier Florida campaign against Spain
  Seminoles when Calhoun was Sec. of War.
• It was a convenient excuse for retaliation

94
Tariff Controversy of 1832

• major wedge between Calhoun and Jackson
• Calhoun resigned in 1832         1. Became a
  leader in the Senate and champion of states
  rights and South Carolina.
• Up until this time, Calhoun had publicly been a
  strong nationalist.    
• Now, a sectionalist
• Rigorously protected slavery and states rights
• Concurrent majority" plan
• U.S. would have two presidents one representing
  the majority (North)    and one representing the
  minority (South).
• Each would have veto power over Congress
• Only way to protect stability

95
Nullification controversy of 1832

• If the Union is once severed, the line of
  separation will grow wider and wider, and the
  controversies which are now debated and settled
  in the halls of legislation will then be tried in
  fields of battle and determined by the sword. --
  Andrew Jackson

96
Tariff of 1832

• Tariff of 1832         1. Jackson attempted to
  improve tariff to conciliate the south by
  lowering the            Tariff of 1828. Lowered
  duties to 35 from about 45, or the 1824 level
             
• South Carolina nullified Tariff of 1832
• Called upon state legislature to make necessary
  military preparations
• Secede if Jackson attempted c force.
• Jackson's reaction
• Dispatched modest naval and military
  reinforcements to SC while preparing sizable army
  quietly.
• proclamation against nullification
• Henry Clay proposed a compromise
• Tariff would be reduced by 10 over eight years.
• Force Bill passed by Congress as face-saving
  device
• Authorized president in the future to use army
  and navy to collect federal tariffs if necessary.
       

97
Aftermath

• Victory for both sides Neither Jackson nor the
  "nullies" clearly triumphed
• Stepping stone to Civil War
• SC gradually abandoned nullification in favor of
  secession by 1860.

98
Election of 1832

• Henry Clay (National Republican) vs. Jackson--
  (Democrat)         1. Jackson earlier favored a
  one-term presidency cronies convinced him to
  stay.         2. Clay was War Hawk and Senator.
• Clays Advantage Funded by easterners BUS,
  supported by Daniel Webster
• Urbane, polished, good publicity
• Jackson d. Clay 219-49 in Electoral College
  687,502 to 530,189 in popular vote.
• Jackson had the support of the masses
  overwhelmed the vote of the rich.

99
New political features

• Anti-Masonic party became the first 3rd party in
  an American presidential election.
• Opposed secrecy
• Masons recruited upwardly mobile middle-class
  professionals, business leaders, and politicians
  
• Masons accused of gaining economically at the
  expense of the masses.
• Anti-Masonic party attracted evangelical groups
  eager to fuse moral religious reforms with
  politics (e.g. keeping Sabbath Day holy.)

100
Jacksonian Democracy

• Based on states rights and economic advantage
  for the common man
• Divorce government from the economy         1.
  Anti-monopoly the common man should have a
  chance to succeed economically.         2.
  Return to Jeffersonian democracy -- govts role
  should be limited         3. Give more power to
  states to promote equality of opportunity.

101
End of the Bank of the United States (BUS)

• "The Bank... is trying to kill me, but I will
  kill it.
• vetoed BUS's charter in 1832 plutocratic,
  monopolistic and unconstitutional.
• Felt bank only benefitted wealthy message
  appealed to the masses.
• "Pet banks" scheme
• Removed federal deposits from the BUS and placed
  them in 23 state "pet banks

102
General incorporation laws

• During Jacksons presidency and beyond, states
  made incorporation much easier, spurring the
  economy with small and medium-sized businesses.
• limited liability business owners were now
  allowed to be a separate entity from their
  corporation. Thus if the corporation went
  bankrupt, the business owner still kept his
  money.

103
Maysville Road veto

• Congress passed bill funding improvement
• Jackson favored states rights
• Refused to spend federal money for intrastate
  improvements (e.g. roads canals)
• Vetoed bill

104
Indian Removal

• Transplanting Native American Tribes
• Jackson felt it unwise to regard the tribes as
  separate nations within individual states.
• Indian Removal Act (1830)
• removal of Five Civilized Nations Cherokee,
  Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and to Indian Territory
  (Oklahoma).
• Voluntary Individual Indians might remain if
  they adopted white ways.
• 100,000 uprooted and moved in 1830s
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vI3gNzfMobNIfeature
  related
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vbWCl9YfbKa4NR1
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vIycym3JonJkfeature
  related

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106
The Cherokee

• Sequoya created Cherokee syllabic alphabet (85
  characters)
• Cherokee had own newspaper, Cherokee Phoenix
• constitution similar to U.S. similar electoral
  system
• Agriculture-based economy
• Bad news Cherokee nation sat on valuable land in
  NE Georgia
• Land could be used for cotton coveted by
  land-hungry white farmers
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831
• Cherokee tried to stop a Georgia declaration that
  Cherokee laws were null void.
• Supreme Court ruled that though Cherokee lacked
  jurisdiction over land, it was a "domestic
  dependent, nation" possessing some sovereignty,
  but not an independent nation.

107
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

• John Marshall ruled that Georgias laws had no
  jurisdiction inside Cherokee territory
• Samuel Worcester was a missionary living with the
  Cherokee for years but was forced by GA to take
  an oath of allegiance or leave Cherokee land he
  refused and was arrested
• Jackson "John Marshall has made his decision
  let him enforce it if he can.
• Jackson did nothing. Cherokee realized their fate
  when Jackson flouted the authority of the Supreme
  Court.

108
Trail of Tears

• 1838 -- 18,000 Cherokees forcibly removed from
  their homes and marched 1,000 miles to Indian
  Territory (Oklahoma).
• 4,000 died from malnutrition, exposure, cholera,
  harsh treatment.
• Earlier, 25 of Choctaws died en route to Indian
  Territory between 1831-1835
• 3,500 of 15,000 Creeks died during removal in
  1836.

109
Indian Wars

• Black Hawk War (1832)         1. Illinois
  Wisconsin         2. Crushed by U.S. troops
          3. Area west of Lake Michigan became
  open for white settlement.
• Seminoles in Florida
• ordered to merge with their old enemy -- the
  Creek -- and be relocated.
• Refused as Creek were slave owners many
  Seminoles had escaped Creek slavery.
• Second Seminole War ( 1835-1842) 1,500 U.S.
  soldiers dead
• about 3,000 (80) were forcibly moved to
  Oklahoma 3,000 still survive today

110
The Birth of Texas

• "Texas has yet to learn submission to any
  oppression. Sam Houston

111
Desire for Land

• Americans coveted Texas
• 1823 independent Mexico granted Stephen Austin
  what is today Texas.
• Immigrants were to be Catholic and properly
  Mexicanized.
• Restrictions were largely ignored by Americans
• Friction between Mexicans and Americans over
  issues of slavery, immigration, local rights
• Mexico emancipated its slaves in 1830 and
  prohibited importation into Texas.
• Prohibited further settlement by Americans.
• Texans refused , settlers continued to bring
  slaves.
• In 1835, Mexican dictator Santa Anna erased all
  local rights and raised an army to suppress
  Texans.

112
Texas Independence

• 1836 -- Sam Houston, commander in chief        
  1. Santa Anna and 6,000 man army and swept
  through Texas.         2. Killed 342 American
  volunteers.         3. Trapped and killed all
  Americans at the Alamo
• Houston's army victorious at San Jacinto
• American aid important to Texas' fight for
  independence
• America's neutrality laws overshadowed by public
  opinion which nullified existing legislation
• Mexicans complained US obligated to honor its
  international neutrality law

113
Jackson's dilemma

• To recognize Texas was to touch off explosive
  slavery issue
• Recognized Texas the day before he left office in
  1837.
• Texas officially petitioned to be annexed
• Antislavery crusaders in the North opposed it.
• Southerners welcomed idea of annexation.
• Texas left to protect itself             a.
  Feared reprisals from Santa Anna             b.
  Courted British and French for aid.            
  c. Houston became the first president of the
  Independent Republic of Texas.

114
Election of 1836

• Birth of the Whigs (heirs of Hamiltons
  Federalist ideas)
• Emerged when Clay and Calhoun joined forces
• Mutual hatred of Jackson "King Andrew I"
• Evolved into a national political party of groups
  alienated by Jackson.

115

• Democrats

• Whigs

• Supported by the common people and machine
  politicians in the East
• States Rights opposed to "American System"
• Favored spoils system
• Anti-monopolyfavored increased competition
• Believed federal govt should not be involved in
  peoples personal lives

• Supported by northern industrialists and
  merchants
• Sought to reduce the spoils system
• Southern states rights advocates angry at
  Jacksons stand on nullification
• Evangelicals from Anti-Masonic party joined
• Later supported moral reforms prohibition of
  alcohol and abolition of slavery
• Sought to use national govt to solve societies
  problems (over states rights issues)
• Many Whig principles became the foundation for
  the modern-day Republican party

116
Election of 1840 William Henry Harrison

• Martin Van Buren
• Jackson decided not to run