First Aid

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First Aid
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When is it time to call 911?
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Basic First Aid

• When to Call 911
• Athlete is unconscious at any time (this athlete
  is placed on his side if not a suspected
  spinal,etc)
• Athlete is having trouble breathing, or breathing
  has stopped
• Athlete is dizzy or light-headed
• Athlete has bleeding that will not stop
• Athlete has pain or pressure in the abdomen
• Athlete vomits, passes, or coughs blood
• Athlete has fallen from a height
• Athlete has possible head, neck, or back injuries

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Basic First Aid

• When to Call 911 (contd)
• Athlete has lost sensation or cannot move
  extremities
• Athlete has seizures, regardless of history
• Athlete has been poisoned
• Athlete has chest pain or heartbeat has stopped
• The amount of care necessary is beyond your
  ability
• Athlete has broken bones, false movement, or
  crepitus (crunching felt on palpation)
• Athlete has slurred speech
• Athlete has difficulty remembering things
• Athlete has loss of pulse in an extremity

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Basic First Aid

• Survey the Scene
• When you approach a situation, first and
  foremost, you must make sure it is safe for you.
  As the charge person, you likely witnessed the
  mechanism of injury. If you approach the
  situation after the mechanism, what you observe
  about and around the scene can give you a lot of
  information.
• Hazards in the sports setting include more than
  just fire, wire, gas, and glass. Other concerns
  include weather (lightning), playing surface
  (ice, wet field), fans, stoppage of play, and
  equipment (pucks, etc).

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Basic First Aid

• Determine Unresponsiveness
• Once you have ascertained the scene is safe for
  you to approach, you must determine whether the
  athlete is conscious or not.
• Conscious Proceed with primary survey
• Unconscious Activate your EAP, then begin
  primary survey
• Primary Survey
• Airway
• Breathing
• CPR (30-2) or hands only is fine!

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Shock

• Shock is a condition that occurs due to
  inadequate circulation of blood and oxygen to the
  cells of the body. This includes the major
  organs such as the brain and kidneys.

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Cause of shock

• Most commonly caused by sudden loss of fluid from
  the circulatory system.
• This is often caused by excessive bleeding, burns
  (loss of plasma), or dehydration.
• Shock may also be triggered by cardiac
  emergencies, allergic reactions, massive
  infections and spinal injuries.

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Signs and Symptoms

• Early stages of shock include
• Rapid pulse
• Pale, grey skin
• Sweating
• Cold clammy skin

• Later stages of shock
• Weakness and dizziness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Thirst
• Rapid shallow breathing
• Restlessness
• Anxiousness and aggressiveness
• Falling level of consciousness

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Treatment

• EMS or 911 activation
• Treat the injury
• Ensure open airway
• Control any bleeding
• If conscious, elevate the lower limbs and ensure
  a low head position (if possible)
• If unconscious place into recovery position
• Keep warm and give nothing by mouth
• Reassure and reassess every few minutes

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External Bleeding

• A wound is any damage or break in the external
  skin tissue which increases the risk of infection.

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Types of Wounds

• Contusion
• A bruise caused by a blunt instrument or by
  kicking and punching

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Types of Wounds Cont

• Abrasions are caused by rubbing or scrapping the
  surface of the skin. This type of wound does not
  bleed.

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Types of Wounds

• Lacerations are tears in the tissue caused by
  sharp or jagged objects

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Types of Wounds

• Punctures are caused by pointed objects which may
  penetrate deeply resulting in damage to
  underlying tissues.

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Types of External Bleeding

• Arterial
• When bright red blood (oxygen) spurts from a
  wound and artery has been cut. The blood in
  arteries comes from the heart and spurts with
  each heart contraction.
• Venous
• When dark bluish-red blood (waste products) flows
  from a wound in a steady stream, a vein has been
  cut. Bleeding from a vein can be profuse but
  usually easier to control than bleeding from an
  artery.

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Cont

• Capillary
• Dark red blood oozes slowly from a wound. There
  is usually no danger since little blood is lost.
  Blood drips slowly until clotting occurs.

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Effects of Severe Bleeding on the Body

• Lack of oxygen to the tissues (e.g. brain) due to
  loss of red blood cells
• Decrease in blood volume causes a decrease in
  blood pressure
• The heart pumping rate (b.p.m.) increases to
  compensate for the reduced blood volume/pressure.
• The force of the heart beat is reduced, since
  there is less blood to pump.

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Controlling Bleeding Wear gloves

• Activate EMS if severe
• RED
• Rest attempt to calm the person, put them in a
  comfortable position
• Ensure that you monitor ABCs and signs of
  Shock
• Direct Pressure to help stop the bleeding and
  create a clot.

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Dressings and Bandages

• Cover the wound protecting against germs and
  speed up the clotting process
• Use Commercial dressings, they are designed to
  absorb blood, they are non stick, and possess
  very little lint.
• If there are no commercial dressings at your
  disposal be creative to find an appropriate
  dressing.
• If a dressing becomes saturated with blood dont
  remove it!! Just add to it!!

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Dressings and Bandages
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Anaphylaxis

• Anaphylaxis is a severe, whole-body allergic
  reaction to a chemical that has become an
  allergen. After being exposed to a substance such
  as bee sting venom, the person's immune system
  becomes sensitized to it.
• When the person is exposed to that allergen
  again, an allergic reaction may occur. 
• Tissues in different parts of the body release
  histamine and other substances. This causes the
  airways to tighten and leads to other symptoms.

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Diabetes

• Diabetes is a disease in which your blood
  glucose, or sugar, levels are too high. Glucose
  comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a
  hormone that helps the glucose get into your
  cells to give them energy. With type 1 diabetes,
  your body does not make insulin. With type 2
  diabetes, the more common type, your body does
  not use insulin well and so the pancreas will
  produce more until it gets overworked and can no
  longer do so . Without enough insulin, the
  glucose stays in your blood. This may cause
  stroke, heart disease.

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Bone Fractures

• Fractures can occur for several reasons
• Direct force damage to a bone occurs at the
  point where force is applied
• Indirect Force Damage which occurs to a bone
  away from where the force was applied
• Muscular action Damage to a bone following a
  sudden and violent muscle contraction
• Pathological Damage to a bone caused by old age
  or disease. (osteoporosis)

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Types of Fractures

• Simple clean crack or break in a bone

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• Comminuted a fracture that produces multiple
  bone fragments

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Types of Fractures

• Green Stick A split in a young immature bone

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Types of Fractures

• Closed Fracture where the surrounding skin is
  unbroken

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Types of Fractures

• Open (compound) Part of the bone breaks through
  the skin causing bleeding. This type of break is
  susceptible to contamination.

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How do you know if you might have a fracture?
(Splints!)

• Swelling and Bruising
• Pain at or near the site
• Loss of movement
• Irregularity in the line of the bone (may be
  felt)
• Numbness
• Tenderness at the site
• Shock from the pain and or blood loss

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Treating possible fractures

• If you suspect that you may be looking at a
  fracture, always treat for a fracture and let an
  X-Ray confirm it.
• Limit movement by splinting from the joint above
  and below.
• Activate EMS when a fracture is suspected

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Sprains

• Sprains are injuries that are due to either over
  stretching or tearing ligaments.
• Signs and symptoms
• Pain on movement
• Swelling
• Tenderness
• Discoloration

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Sprain
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Strains

• Strains are injuries to muscles or tendons caused
  by over exertion. In severe cases muscles and
  tendons are torn
• Signs and Symptoms
• Intense Pain
• Moderate swelling
• Painful/difficult movement

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Strain
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Treatment for Sprains and Strains

• Rest do not allow the casualty to use the
  injured limb
• Ice Apply cold compress to reduce the effects of
  swelling
• Compression will help reduce swelling
• Elevation and immobilization to reduce blood
  flow to the area