Chapter Fifteen: In Search of Homeland Security

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Chapter FifteenIn Search of Homeland
Security
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Defining Homeland Security
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Defining Homeland Security

• Issues surrounding homeland security
• Issues surrounding homeland security are confused
  because the country is dealing with a new
  concept, a new meaning of conflict, and a change
  in the procedures used to defend the United
  States
• Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
• DHS is responsible for protecting the borders and
  the countrys interior

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Defining Homeland Security

• Mission and understanding
• Mission and understanding mean the same thing,
  but there are many different understandings of
  homeland security because many agencies have
  differing missions
• Policy
• The policy guiding homeland security in the
  United States has not been fully developed, and
  executives are not quite sure of the way that all
  the missions of various agencies fit together

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Defining Homeland Security

• Civil defense
• Homeland security also involves civil defense,
  that is, citizens engaged in homeland security
• A major portion of security is a civic
  responsibility

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Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of War
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Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of War

• Democrats and Republicans
• Republicans tend to see terrorism as a military
  issue
• Democrats tend to see terrorism as a criminal act

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Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of War

• Before the time of growing terrorism
• Before the time of growing terrorism, War was an
  extension of politics fought within the legal
  framework of the Constitution
• The Constitution states that only Congress has
  the power to declare war, and Congress declares
  whether America is in a state of war or of peace
• Terrorism is changing the nature of conflict

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Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of War

• Carl von Clausewitz
• Prussian general and military philosopher, Carl
  von Clausewitz, came to believe that the French
  Revolution created a new type of war
• The strength of the French came from their
  ability to place the nation in arms, that is, to
  rally the people to the belief that all citizens
  of a nation are potential soldiers or supporters
  of the military
• Clausewitzs On War is a philosophical treatise
  on the nature of total, nationalistic wars

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Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of War

• Victor Hansons criticism of Clausewitz
• Hanson criticizes Clausewitz and the Western way
  of battle, claiming the West is consumed with the
  way war was fought in Ancient Greece. According
  to this line of thought, the purpose of military
  action is to seek a decisive engagement.
• Terrorism is designed to produce the opposite
  effect, seeking to avoid direct confrontation
  with force

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Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of War

• Sun Tzu
• Chinese philosopher, Sun Tzu, produced a treatise
  on the paradoxes of war
• Sun Tzu saw war and peace as two sides of the
  same coin
• War and politics were psychological forces held
  together by the belief in power

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Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of War

• Asymmetry
• Terrorism is based on Sun Tzus concept of
  strength-to-weakness
• In modern military parlance this is called
  asymmetry- competing forces are out of balance
• Terrorists tend to be true believers who
  sacrifice lives, and they are willing to attack
  while avoiding social conventions and societal
  norms
• The purpose of terrorism is to give the
  impression that powerful economic, military, and
  political forces cannot protect ordinary people
  going about their daily routines
• Military forces must cope with this change, but
  criminal justice agencies become involved in
  homeland security precisely because terrorists
  fight outside the rules

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Pearl Harbor and 9-11 Two Different Worlds
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Pearl Harbor and 9-11 Two Different Worlds

• December 7, 1941
• The purpose of the Japanese attack on Pearl
  Harbor was to destroy U.S. military capabilities
  in the Pacific

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Pearl Harbor and 9-11 Two Different Worlds

• September 11, 2001
• The 9-11 attacks were designed for drama. They
  were a tragedy performed on a subnational level,
  with the purpose of murdering thousands of people
  to create an aura of fear
• The goal of the September 11 terrorists was not
  one of conventional military strategy. Its
  purpose was to create so much feat that Western
  institutions would change their behavior
• The terrorists of September 11 were attacking
  globalization while America was defending state
  power

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Pearl Harbor and 9-11 Two Different Worlds

• The new style of conflict
• Jihadists are not attacking state power they are
  attacking the idea of Western, and particularly
  American culture
• Modern terrorism is aimed at the infrastructure
  of everyday life and the symbols that define that
  structure

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Redefining Conflict, Defense, and
Intelligence
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Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Intelligence

• Clausewitzs factors on the changing nature of
  military action
• Sometimes wars are fought on frontiers against
  irregular armies
• War is an extension of politics. The only reason
  a nation fights is to win a political victory

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Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Intelligence

• Preparing for the new type of war
• The Pentagon prepared to fight state-to-state
  battles during the 1990s
• Terrorists do not fight in field engagements
  therefore, military forces must transform their
  structures to take the fight to terrorists

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Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Intelligence

• Vice admiral Arthur Cebrowsky
• Cebrowsky believes that America needs to create a
  new defense culture that permeates all levels of
  society and that breaks down barriers between
  organizations
• The United States needs forces that thoroughly
  understand American culture and the cultures of
  our enemies and friends

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Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Intelligence

• Martin van Crefeld
• Crefeld argues that war has changed violence is
  the purpose
• Crefeld illustrates his thesis by using the
  French-Algerian War as an example. The Algerian
  nationalists of the National Liberation Front
  (FLN) fought for the communitys survival. As
  long as they fought, they were succeeding

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Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Intelligence

• Barnetts thesis
• Barnett implies that military forces must change
  for future battles
• A force fighting to impose political will
  operates differently from a force fighting for
  existence
• The purpose of power is to create a new set of
  international rules in which all nations are
  included in economic development, prosperity, and
  peace
• When nations are excluded, violent terrorists
  have no incentive to play within the rules

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The Role of Symbols and Structures
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The Role of Symbols and Structures

• Symbolic targets
• Asymmetrical war is waged against symbolic
  targets, and homeland security is designed to
  secure symbols
• Attacks against symbols disrupt support
  structures and can have a high human toll

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The Role of Symbols and Structures

• Grenville Byford
• Byford points out that symbolic attack may simply
  be designed to inflict massive casualties that
  is, killing people has a symbolic value
• Rather than engaging in political rhetoric about
  morality, Byford concludes, it is more productive
  to understand that Americans represent symbolic
  targets of military value

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The Role of Symbols and Structures

• Ian Lessers three forms of terrorism
• Symbolic terrorism is a dramatic attack to show
  vulnerability
• Pragmatic terrorism involves a practical attempt
  to destroy political power
• Systematic terrorism is waged over a period of
  time to change social conditions
• Terrorists use symbolic attacks or attacks on
  symbols to achieve pragmatic or systematic results

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The Role of Symbols and Structures

• The key to security
• Offer protection without destroying abstract
  meanings
• Enhance protection while maintaining openness
• The irony is that every added security measure
  increases the feeling of insecurity

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Law Enforcements Special Role
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Law Enforcements Special Role

• Preemptive, offensive policing
• If law enforcement simply responds, it will have
  little impact on the prevention of terrorism

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Law Enforcements Special Role

• Results if state and local agencies shift to
  offensive thinking and action
• Police contact with potential terrorists will
  increase
• This, however, increases the possibility of
  negative stereotyping and the abuse of power
• Proactive measures demand increased intelligence
  gathering, and much of the information will have
  not relation to criminal activity

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Law Enforcements Special Role

• Offensive action in the private sector
• Offensive action begins in the local community
• The weakness in local systems occurs because
  state and local police departments do not
  frequently think beyond their jurisdictions, and
  they do not routinely take advantage of potential
  partnerships inside their bailiwicks

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Building Intelligence Systems
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Building Intelligence Systems

• The most important aspect of security
• Information that guides security forces
• Information is crucial for day-to-day operations

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Building Intelligence Systems

• Information gathering
• While academic in nature, information gathering
  is directly applicable to gathering intelligence
• Applied intelligence involves gathering basic
  information about a target and real-time
  information about current events
• The practical application of this process comes
  through organizing structures aimed at
  collecting, analyzing, and forwarding information

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Building Intelligence Systems

• President Jimmy Carter
• Carter wanted to protect Americans from their
  government
• The government began to limit the power of
  intelligence operations, unintentionally
  hampering their effectiveness

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Building Intelligence Systems

• Time magazine article
• The article stated America needs to learn to spy
  again
• National security intelligence is crucial, but
  law enforcement has a role
• The authors of the article also censure
  bureaucratic structures for failing to share
  information, and they condemn the system for
  relying too heavily on machine and electronic
  information
• Another weak point is the inability to analyze
  the information

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Building Intelligence Systems

• New Jersey State Police (NJSP)
• The NJSP Intelligence Service Section is made up
  of three divisions
• The Intelligence Bureau is the largest division,
  composed of six units
• The Analytical Unit
• The Casino Intelligence Unit
• The Electronic Surveillance Unit
• The Liaison Computerized Services Unit
• The Service Unit
• The Street Gang Unit

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Building Intelligence Systems

• The central security unit is responsible for New
  Jerseys counterterrorist mission. It is a
  proactive organization designed to prevent
  terrorism through interdiction
• The Solid Waste Unit keeps an eye on organized
  crime
• Recently, NJSP linked its intelligence service
  with federal law enforcement, giving it the
  potential for greater effectiveness

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Building Intelligence Systems

• California Anti-Terrorism Information Center
  (CATIC)
• Formed after 9-11, the CATIC is a statewide
  intelligence system is designed to combat
  terrorism
• The center links federal, state, and local
  information services in one system and divides
  operational zones into five administrative areas
• CATIC combines public information with data on
  criminal trends and public terrorist activities

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Building Intelligence Systems

• New York City Police Department (NYPD)
• Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly created two new
  units
• One for counterterrorism
• One for intelligence

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Building Intelligence Systems

• Critics of the FBI and CIA
• The FBI and CIA have been criticized for failing
  to gather information before the September 11
  attacks and ineffectively analyzing the
  information they did have
• Civil liberties groups fear growing power in
  agencies associated with homeland security, while
  others express concern over expanding executive
  authority

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Planning for Homeland Security
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Planning for Homeland Security

• Planning is essential
• Planning enhances the gathering, organizing, and
  analyzing of information

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Planning for Homeland Security

• The International Association of Chiefs of Police
  (IACP)
• The IACP believes planning can be guided by
  looking for threats inside local communities
• Indicators such as an increase in violent
  rhetoric, the appearance of extremist groups, and
  increases in certain types of crimes may
  demonstrate that a terrorist problem is on the
  horizon

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Planning for Homeland Security

• Richard Best
• National security differs from law enforcement
• In police work, officers react to information
  provided voluntarily
• National security intelligence is used to
  anticipate threats
• Law enforcement should plan and develop two
  channels for information
• One should be aimed at law enforcement
• State and local police agencies should be
  prepared to pass such information along to
  defense sources

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Creating a Culture of Information Sharing
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Creating a Culture of Information Sharing

• The National Strategy for Homeland Security calls
  for increased information sharing among law
  enforcement agencies

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Creating a Culture of Information Sharing

• Information sharing systems
• The Regional Information Sharing System (RISS)
• The RISS is a six-part information network whose
  policies are controlled by its members
• The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas
  (HIDTAs)
• The El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC)
• The International Law Enforcement Intelligence
  Analysts (IALEIA)
• Weaknesses in the U.S. system

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Creating a Culture of Information Sharing

• The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan
• The purpose of the plan is not only to create a
  culture of sharing, but to generate the
  structures and communications systems to make it
  happen
• All agencies will communicate in a single network

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Creating a Culture of Information Sharing

• 9-11 Commission Report recommendations
• Recommendations focused on defense, intelligence,
  information sharing, homeland security, and law
  enforcement
• The commission argued that the government was
  structured to fight the Cold War, not to counter
  terrorism

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Creating a Culture of Information Sharing

• Critics of the 9-11 Commission Report
• The FBIs record of combating terrorism was port,
  and there may be no reason to believe that
  restructuring will improve its capabilities