Great Soul (ppt)

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the Indian subcontinent Since 1947 The Legacy
of Independence
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Last Viceroy Lord Louis Francis Albert Victor
Nicholas Mountbatten
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Border problems

• India Split
• India (Hindu Majority)
• East and West Pakistan (Muslim Majority

These two nations would have a huge influence on
the region from 1947 on
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Political Leaders of India Since Independence
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Jawarlal Nehru

• Ally of Gandhi.
• 1st Prime Minister of India, 1947-1964.
• Advocated Industrialization vs. Gandhis rural
  emphasis
• Promoted increased agriculture Taken up by his
  daughter, Indira (who was best know for it)
• Mixed Economy ? Socialism coming up in a minute!
• Nonaligned Movement.

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Nehru Leads India

• Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first prime minister
  of independent India
• Rules for 17 years pushes for economic and
  social reforms
• Leads alliance of countries that were neutral in
  Cold War

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NEHRU

• FIVE YEAR PLANS
• SOCIALIST ECONOMY
• NEUTRAL IN COLD WAR
• LEFT BRITISH-TRAINED CIVIL SERVICE INTACT
• INDIA A ONE-PARTY DEMOCRACY Nehru was very
  popular and respected
• Prime minister 1948-1966, when he died

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Non-Alignment Movement
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Indira Gandhi

• Nehrus daughter.
• Prime Minister of India, 1966-1984.
• Continues Nehrus policies. Especially the Green
  Revolution
• Faced internal rebellion from the Sikh (a group
  that blends Hinduism and Islam) separatists.
• Control Population!

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Indian National Congress

• Indira Gandhi
• created a top-down structure
• party leaders appoint party officials
• some limited party elections
• left-of-center, pro-poor political platform

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A FAKE EMERGENCY INDIA REMAINS A DEMOCRACY

• INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO GAIN DICTATORIAL POWERS
  WHEN SHES ACCUSED OF CORRUPTION IN 1975
• JANATA DAL PARTY DEFEATS CONGRESS IN ELECTIONS IN
  1977, RESTORES FULL DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL RIGHTS
  First time Congress party is defeated.
• DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS, INDIA REMAINS COMMITTED TO
  POLITICAL DEMOCRACY

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Indias persecution of the Sikhs (a group that
blends Hinduism and Islam)
Push for Independence
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Resentment follows partition of the Punjab
between Pakistan and India.
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Sikh nationalists demand their own nation called
Khalistan.
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1984 Sikh seperatists take over the Golden
Temple. The Indian army attacks the temple.
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Over 600 die in the attack.
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Troubled Times

• Nehrus daughter, Indira Gandhi, rules much of
  the time from 1966-1984.
• She faces opposition from Sikhs, and is
  assassinated by Sikh bodyguards.

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Mrs. Gandhi assassinated!
Mrs. Gandhi lying in state. 1984
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INDIRA GANDHI

• NEHRUS DAUGHTER
• NOT RELATED TO MAHATMA GANDHI
• POPULAR BUT ECONOMY DID POORLY IN 1970s
• P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-84. ASSASSINATED BY A SIKH
  BODYGUARD.

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1985 Sikh terrorists blow up Air India plane
flying out of Toronto, Canada, killing 329.
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Sikh nationalism continues, but lacks any force
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Rajiv Gandhi

• Indiras son.
• Prime Minister of India, 1984-1989.
• Some reform of economy and government.
  Privatization!
• Also faced rebellion.
• Assassinated in 1991 while campaigning by Tamil
  Tigers (a separatist group).

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RAJIV GANDHI

• INDIRAS SON
• POPULAR
• INTERVENES IN SRI LANKA CIVIL WAR
• P.M. FROM 1984 UNTIL ASSASSINATED BY TAMIL
  SEPARATISTS IN 1991

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A foreigner joins the family

• Italian-born Sonia Maino married Rajiv
  1968.
• She moved into the house of mother-in-
  law, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

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Mrs. Sonia Maino Gandhi

• 1983 ? Indian citizen.
• 1984 ? first lady when her husband, Rajiv
  Gandhi, succeeded his assassinated mother
  as Prime Minister.

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Troubled Times

• Her son Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister, but
  is assassinated in 1991.

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• 1991 ? Tragedy struck the Gandhifamily again
  when Rajiv was killed by a suicide bomber.

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• Sonia Gandhi remains Roman Catholic, but
  follows Hindu and Indian traditions.
• With her children, she scattered
  Rajiv's ashes in the Ganges.

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MORE GANDHIS

• Indiras other son, Sanjay, died in a plane crash
  in 1980.
• Rajivs widow, Sonia, is Italian-born. She is
  president of the Congress party.
• Controversy about whether she should run for
  higher office.

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• After Rajiv's death Sonia shied away from
  the spotlight. In 1998, she agreed to start
  her own career as a Gandhi again and became
  an important political leader.

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• Sonia's son Rahul and daughter Priyanka have
  also become politically active.

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The Jewel turns down the crown!

• When her party won in the recent elections,
  she was asked to be Prime Minister.
• She decided not to accept the position.

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ECONOMIC REFORMS 1991 THE BIG CHANGE

• MANMOHAN SINGH becomes finance minister in 1991
• Engineers major reforms to loosen up government
  control of the economy
• Economic takeoff in past 17 years.
• Singh is currently Prime Minister
• Member of Congress Party

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Manmohan Singh

• May 2004 ? he held up a letter from India's
  president authorizing him to form a new
  government as prime minister.
• He stood next to Sonia Gandhi, the candidate
  for the post who stunned the country when she
  declined the office.

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Current Prime Minister

• Manmohan Singh
• He is the first Indian Prime Minister since
  Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after
  completing a full five-year term.
• He is also the first Sikh to hold the post.
• Earlier, during his tenure as the Finance
  Minister from 1991 to 1996, Singh was widely
  credited for carrying out economic reforms in
  India in 1991 which resulted in the end of the
  infamous Licence Raj system and the opening up of
  the Indian economy.

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May 2004 India Swears in 13th Prime
Minister and the first Sikh in the job.
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Politics of India

• Political Institutions Parties

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Republic of India

• A federal republic with a parliamentary system of
  government
• capital New Delhi

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Political System

• A federal parliamentary multi-party
  representative democratic republic modeled after
  the British Westminster System.
• Like the United States, India has a federal form
  of government, however, the central government in
  India has greater power in relation to its
  states.
• At the federal level, India is the most populous
  democracy in the world. While many neighboring
  countries witness frequent coups, Indian
  democracy has been suspended only once.
• Indian politics is often described as chaotic.
  More than a fifth of parliament members face
  criminal charges.

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A federal system

• 26 states and 6 centrally administered Union
  Territories
• 2 states are partially claimed by Pakistan and
  China

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Federal system

• Relatively centralized
• federal government controls the most essential
  government functions
• defense
• foreign policy
• taxation
• public expenditures
• economic (industrial) planning

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Federal system

• state governments formally control
• agriculture
• education
• law and order within states
• dependent on central government for funds

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Federal system

• Balance of power between central and state
  governments
• varies by time and place
• state power was constrained
• during the rule of Nehru and Indira Gandhi
• state governments have more room to maneuver
• when central government is weak
• since 1998

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Parallel state structure

• Formal political structure of the states
  parallels that of the national government
• national state
• President Governor
• Prime Minister Chief Minister
• Parliament Assembly
• Supreme Court High Court

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The legislature

• Parliamentary system of government
• the executive authority is responsible to the
  Parliament

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The legislature

• bicameral Parliament
• Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
• Lok Sabha (House of the People)

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Rajya Sabha (Council of States)

• The Upper House

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Upper House

• Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
• not more than 250 members
• 12 are nominated by the President of India
• the rest are indirectly elected
• by state Legislative Assemblies
• The Council of States can not be dissolved
• members have terms of 6 years
• 1/3 members retire at end of every 2nd year

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Lok Sabha

• House of the People

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Lower House

• Lok Sabha (House of the People)
• 545 members
• 2 are appointed by the President of India
• the rest are directly elected from single-member
  districts
• 5-year terms unless dissolved
• Lok Sabha elects its presiding officer
• the Speaker

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Lok Sabha

• Elections held at least every 5 years
• Prime Minister may call elections earlier
• 543 single-member districts of roughly equal
  population
• party nomination
• 1st-past-the-post
• winner-take-all
• womens share

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Elections to Lok Sabha

• Vote share of 3 major political parties

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Political Parties

• Indian National Congress (INC)
• Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
• Communist Party of India Marxism (CPIM)
• And others

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Current composition

• 43 parties in the 13th Lok Sabha (1999)
• 39 parties in the 14th Lok Sabha (2004)
• Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 184 138
• Indian National Congress (INC) 109 145
• Communist Party of India (M) 34 43
• other political parties 218 217
• total 545 543

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Indian National Congress

• Indias oldest political party
• since 1885
• Indias premier political party
• until 1990s
• in 1960s many regional parties started
  challenging INCs monopoly on power

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Indian National Congress

• INC moved toward the ideological center
• Beginning in 1984
• INC today tilts right-of-center
• economic efficiency
• business interests
• limited government spending

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Indian National Congress

• INC has always attracted support from diverse
  social groups
• in the 1990s INC has lost some of its traditional
  constituencies among the poor and Muslims

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Indian National Congress (INC)

• INC was the leader of the Indian Independence
  Movement.
• It is the nation's dominant political party,
  ruling the country for 48 of the 60 years since
  independence in 1947.
• led by the Nehru-Gandhi family for the most part
  major challenges for party leadership have only
  recently formed.

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Indian National Congress (INC)

• In the 2009 general elections, the Congress
  emerged as the single largest party in the Lok
  Sabha (the lower house), with 206 of its
  candidates getting elected to the 543-member
  house.
• Consequently, it along with a coalition of allies
  called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), was
  able to gain a majority and form the government.

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INC Prime Ministers

• Jawaharlal Nehru (19471964)
• Gulzarilal Nanda (May - June 1964 and in January
  1966)
• Lal Bahadur Shastri (19641966)
• Indira Gandhi (19661977, 19801984)
• Rajiv Gandhi (19841989)
• P.V. Narasimha Rao (19911996)
• Manmohan Singh (2004 -)

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Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

• The major political party in India today
• right-leaning, Hindu-nationalist party
• first major party to mobilize explicitly on the
  basis of religious identity

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Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

• Indian People's Party (BJP) is a major political
  party in India, founded in 1980.
• The party is associated with Hindu nationalism
  and advocates conservative social policies,
  self-reliance, free market economics, foreign
  policy driven by a nationalist agenda, and strong
  national defence.
• The BJP, in alliance with several other parties,
  was in power from 1998 to 2004, with Atal Bihari
  Vajpayee as the Prime Minister and Lal Krishna
  Advani as his deputy.
• It is the biggest constituent of the National
  Democratic Alliance which is currently in the
  opposition.

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Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

• better organized than INC
• disciplined party members
• carefully selected party cadres
• clear and respected authority line within the
  party

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Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

• Traditional supporters
• urban, lower-middle-class groups
• base of support widened since mid-1980s
• Hindu nationalism
• north-central India
• decline of Indian National Congress
• Muslims as convenient scapegoat for frustration

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BJPs rapid rise to power

• electoral success from 1989 to 1999
• difficulty in forming alliance with other parties
• break with past traditions
• relatively moderate, centrist position
• BJP formed governing coalition in 1998
• collapsed in 1999
• BJP formed a new coalition in 1999
• more broadly based than previous coalition

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Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

• economic liberalization and stability
• privilege the interests of the Hindu majority

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Bharatiya Jana Sangh

• It existed from 1951 to 1980, whereupon it was
  succeeded by the Bharatiya Janata Party, one of
  India's largest political parties.
• The BJS was considered the political arm of Hindu
  Nationalism, with the RSS being the central base.
  The Vishwa Hindu Parishad, formed in 1964 would
  become the religious arm.
• The BJS also attracted many conservative members
  of the Indian National Congress who were
  disenchanted with the more socialist policies and
  politics of Jawaharlal Nehru and the Congress
  Party.

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Communist Party of India Marxism (CPIM)

• It has a strong presence in the states of Kerala,
  West Bengal and Tripura.
• As of 2010, CPI(M) is leading the state
  governments in these three states.

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And Others
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Prime Minister

• Leader of the majority party leader in Lok Sabha
  becomes the prime minister
• prime minister nominates a cabinet
• members of Parliament in the ruling coalition
• Council of Ministers
• effective power is concentrated in the office of
  the prime minister
• where most of the important policies originate

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Prime Ministers of India

• 38 years in the Nehru-Gandhi family
• more and more rapid turnover

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The President of India

• Head of the State
• Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces
• elected by an electoral college
• national Parliament
• state legislature
• 5-year terms
• can be reelected

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The President of India

• Ceremonial office
• symbolize national unity
• supposedly above partisan politics
• mostly acts on the advice of the prime minister
• President plays a significant role when the
  selection of a prime minister is complex
• in 1998 President requested BJP to form govt.

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The Judiciary

• Fundamental contradiction in constitution
• principle of parliamentary sovereignty
• principle of judicial review

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The Judiciary

• judiciary tries to preserve the constitutions
  basic structure
• to ensure that legislation conforms with the
  intent of the constitution
• parliament tries to assert its right to amend the
  constitution

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