Space Security

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SSI
Introduction
IntroductionPurpose of the SSIWorking
definition of space securityThe secure and
sustainable access to and use of space, and
freedom from space-based threats.
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Methodology1) Research on trends and
developments2) Online questionnaire3) Expert
review of research
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
The Space Environment- Trends -Growing debris
threats to spacecraft, but annual rate of new
debris production decreasing Increasing
awareness of space debris threats and continued
development of international debris
mitigationguidelines Growing demand for radio
frequency spectrum Growing demand for orbital
slot allocationsSpace surveillance capabilities
to support collision avoidance slowly improving
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
The Space Environment- Developments - Space
debris population increased by 2.1 percentSpace
debris mitigation guidelines drafted at UN
COPUOSOver one thousand cases of
radio-frequency interference reportedRegional
efforts to harmonize radio-frequency utilization
in Europe and Southeast AsiaChina established
space debris monitoring body
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Laws, Policies, and Doctrines - Trends
-Progressive development of legal framework for
outer space activities 1967 OST 1968 Rescue
Agreement 1972 Liability and 1975 Registration
ConventionsSome work at COPUOS, but the CD has
been deadlocked on space weapons issues since
1998 National space policies consistently
emphasize international cooperation and peaceful
uses of outer spaceGrowing focus within
national military doctrine on security uses of
outer space
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Laws, Policies, and Doctrines - Developments -
Further stalemate in Prevention of an Arms
Race in Outer Space (PAROS) debate at
UNExpansion of COPUOS mandate proposedNew
space policies adopted in China, Europe, Japan,
Kazakhstan, Russia, and USIndia, Israel, and
Japan stressing national security space
applicationsUS to release of new military space
policy directive 
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Civil Space and Global Utilities - Trends -
Growth in the number of actors gaining access
to spaceChanging priorities and funding levels
within civil space programsSteady growth in
international cooperation in civil space
Dramatic growth in use of global utilities
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Civil Space and Global Utilities - Developments
- Global progress in space access, launch, and
propulsion technologiesCivil space agencies
announce new programs, greater focus on manned
space exploration and micro-satellitesModest
increases in international civil space
budgetsSpace agencies develop asteroid
interception missions Successful launch of
first Galileo satellite despite funding
concerns China and India access Russian GLONASS
satellite navigation system
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
10
SSI
Introduction
Commercial Space - Trends - Continued overall
growth in commercial space industry World
commercial space revenues rose from 2.1 billion
in 1980 to 100 billion in 2004Declining
commercial launch costs support increased
commercial access to space GEO launch costs have
declined from about 40,000/kg in 1990 to
26,000/kg in 2000Government subsidies and
national security concerns play an important role
in the commercial space sector
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Commercial Space - Developments - Unequal
growth in commercial space industryPrivatization
and consolidation continuesUS continues to
lose commercial launch market share to Europe and
RussiaInterest in nascent space tourism
sectorUS government remains single largest
commercial space client
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Space Support for Terrestrial Military
Operations - Trends - US and USSR/Russia lead
in developing military space systems US has
over 100 operational military satellites, 90 of
global military space spending Russia has
approximately 61 operational military
satellitesMore states developing military space
capabilities Australia, Chile, China, France,
Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, NATO, Spain, UK
all have dedicated military space assets
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Space Support for Terrestrial Military
Operations - Developments - Significant cost
overruns and delays in US military space
acquisition programsRussia continues to face
program setbacks Regional tensions drive
military space development in Asia and Middle
East China continues to expand military space
program European nations expand imaging and
communications capabilities
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Space Systems Protection - Trends - US and
Russia lead in general capabilities to detect
rocket launches, the US in the development of
technologies to detect direct attacks on
satellitesProtection of satellite ground
stations a concern protection of satellite
communications links poor but improvingProtectio
n of satellites against some direct threats
improving Russia and the US lead in
capabilities to rapidly rebuild space systems
following a direct attack on satellites
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Space Systems Protection - Developments - US
developing geostationary and ground-based space
situational awarenessUS successfully tests GPS
pseudoliteIncreasing encryption of satellite
communicationsImprovements in radiation
hardened processorsUS research satellite to
facilitate greater use of MEOSmaller, cheaper
launches increasing ability to recover after
attackRussia continuing to develop air launch
capacity
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Space Systems Negation - Trends -
Proliferation of capabilities to attack ground
stations and communications links US leading in
the development of space situational awareness
capabilities to support space negationOngoing
proliferation of ground-based capabilities to
attack satellites Increasing access to
space-based negation enabling capabilities
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Space Systems Negation - Developments -
State-sponsored jamming incidents in Libya and
Iran, Falun Gong sponsored jamming in China
Progress on High-Energy Lasers in the US and on
basic laser research in ChinaUpgrades in US and
Russian ground-based anti-ballistic missile
systemsActors in China, France, and UK continue
basic research into kinetic kill vehiclesUS
micro-satellites demonstrate dual-use rendezvous
and surveillance capabilities
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Space-Based Strike Weapons - Trends - No
space-based strike weapons (SBSW) have been
tested or deployed in space the US continues to
develop a space-based interceptor for its missile
defense systemA growing number of actors are
developing SBSW precursor technologies outside of
SBSW programs Precision navigation Micro-satelli
tes Precision re-entry Precision attitude
control High power lasers High-G
thrusters Large ?-V thrusters Precision
maneuverability
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion
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SSI
Introduction
Space-Based Strike Weapons - Developments -
SBSW ProgramsUS NFIRE Kill Vehicle test
cancelledSBSW pre-cursor technologiesDevelopmen
t of precision re-entry technology in US, Russia,
China, and EuropeUpgrades in US and Russian
global missile tracking and warningUS, Europe,
China, Russia, and India continue research and
development of global positioning systems
Methodology
Environment
Laws, Policies and Doctrines
Civil Space
Commercial Space
Military Space
Protection
Negation
Space-Based Strike Weapons
Conclusion