???????(bio-elements)????????????????????(nano-biotechnology)??????,??????(cellular life)??????????(micro scale),?????,?????2??; ?5??,?????????????(building

1
??? ??????
6.1 ?? 6.2 ??????????? 6.3 ?????????? 6.4
?????????????
2
6.1 ??
???????(bio-elements)????????????????????(nano-bio
technology)??????,??????(cellular
life)??????????(micro scale),?????,?????2??
?5??,?????????????(building blocks)??,????/??(nano
/micro)???,????????,??????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????,????????????????????
,?????????????(????)??,????????,?????????
3
????????????????????????????(1)??????????????(????
?)????(2)???????????,?(3)?????????????,???????????
???????????,?????????,???????????????????????????,
???????30????????????????,?????????????????,??????
?????????(1)?????????????,?(2)?????????,?????????
??????????,????????????????????????????,??????????
,???????????????????????????????????????????????,
???????????
4
6.2 ???????????
????????,??????????????????????????????????(bio-re
active systems),?????????????????????,????????????
???????????????

1. ?? (nucleic acid)
2. ??? (protein)
3. ??? (mitochondrion)
4. ??? (cell membrane)
5. ?????? (electron transferring system)
6. ???? (immune system)
7. ?????? (nervous transferring system)

5
??
??(nucleic acid)??????????????????,????????(ribonu
cleic acid??RNA),???????(deoxy-ribonucleic
acid??DNA)?DNA??????????????????,?RNA???,?????????
????????,????????(transfer RNA?tRNA),???????????(a
mino acids)??????????(messenger
RNA?mRNA),?????????(template)????????(ribosomal
RNA?rRNA),???????????????
6
DNA?????
???DNA?RNA????????,?????????(nucleotide)??????????
??????,???(ribose RNA?)/????(deoxyriboseDNA?)???
?(phosphate)?????(pyrimidines)???(purines)????????
???????????(back bone),????????????????????????3??
????,????????????????????????????????????(cytosin
e)???DNA?RNA?,????(thymine)????DNA?,???(uracil)
????RNA?,?????????????????,??????????????????????
??????(adenine)?????(guanine),???????????????,?DN
A?RNA?????????,???????????????,?C?T?U?A?G????????,
A?T(?U)??????????? G?C????????,???????DNA?????GC?
??,???????DNA?????????
7
???DNA???
????????,?????DNA???????????????DNA???????????????
??????DNA??????,??????????????DNA?????????,???????
???????????????,???DNA??????,???????????????????,?
?DNA????(polymerase)????????????????????????(templ
ate),???????????DNA???????,????????????/?????,????
????
8
????
??,?????????????????????,?????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????X??????(Fragile
X syndrome)???????(Spinal and bulbar muscular
atrophy,SBMA)????????(Huntingtons
disease,HD)?????????????(spinocerebellar
ataxias,SCAs)????????????(Dentatorubral
pallidolusyian atrophy/Haw River
Syndrome,DRPLA/HRS)?Machado-Joseph
disease(MJD)????????????(Myotonic Dystrophy
DM)??????????????????????(coding
region)???????????CAG???????????(expansion
mutation),???????????(neurodegenerative
disease),????SBMA?H D?SCAs?DRPLA/HRS?MJD???
??????????(non-coding region)?,?????CTG?CGG???????
????????????????????,?DM?
9
????
?1972?,?????????????????????(gene
recombination)????????????????????????????????????
?????????,????????(DNA)?????????DNA????,????DNA,??
??DNA?????,?????DNA???????????????????????????????
???????????????? ?????????????(1)?????,(2)??DNA??
?DNA???(???????????????????,???????????(Plasmid)??
??(microphage),(3)???DNA?????,??????????(4)???????
?????
10
2. ???
???????,?????????????????????????????,????????????
????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????
?(transcription)?????DNA????mRNA,??????(ribosome
??rRNA)?mRNA?????(translation)?tRNA???????????????
??(amino acid)???????????,???????????(amino
group)???(carboxyl group)??????????????,???-???,??
???????????????(side chain)???????????????????????
???,??polypeptide ??????polypeptide?????????????,
????????????
11
?????
???????????,???????????????????????????????????,??
?????,?????????????????????????????????,????????a
??(alpha helix)?ß-??(ß- sheet)??
???????????(disulfide bridges,-S-S-)???????(cystin
e)????????????,??????????????????????,????????????
???????????pH????????????,????????????,???????????
?????,??????????????(denaturation)?????????,??????
???????????? ?????????????????????????????,??????
/??(fixation/crystallization)?????????????,???????
??????,????????????,????????????????????????,?????
??????????
12
?????
????????????????????????????????????????????,?????
?????????(amino groups, -NH2)???(carboxyl groups,
-COOH)????(hydroxyl groups, -OH)????(carrier)??,??
?????? (1)????(physical absorption)-?????????????
???????????????????,?????????????????????????????
????????,????????,(2)????(ionic
bonding)-??????????????,??????????????????,???????
?????,??????????????????????????????,?????????????
?????????,(3)????(covalent bonding)-??????????????
???????,????????????????,????????????????????,????
???????????,???????????????????????
13
??????
??(1987)?????????????????(soft laser)???????????,?
????????????(desorption)??????
??(1988)?????????????(electrospray
ionization)?????????????????????,???????,??????,??
????????????????????????,??????????????,??????????
??????X????,???????????????? ????(wuthrich,1985)??
?????(NMR)?????????????,????????????????????????,?
???????????????????????????????????????,?????2002?
????????
14
???????????????
???????????????????????????????,????????????(prot
ein folding),??????????,?????????????????????(Prus
iner,1997)????????????????????(spongiform)??,?????
??1997???????,?????????????????(prion)???(PrPMr
28,000),??????,?????????????,????,??????(scrapie)
???????????(PrPsc)??,?????PrP????PrPsc,????PrPsc??
???,??????????????????????????????????,???????????
???????????????,??????????????(Nelson and Cox
2000)?
15
3. ???
????????????,?????????????,???ATP,?90??????,?????
??ATP?????????,????????????????,??????????????????
?1?10 µm?,??????????????,????????????,????????????
????,?????,?????????????
???ATP?????
16
????????
?????????????,(1)????????DNA,??????DNA,???????????
????,(2)??????????????(binary fission),???????????
,(3) ????????????,??????,??????,???????????????,??
???????????????????????????????,???????DNA/RNA????
????????????????????????,????????,?????????????,??
????????????DNA???????,??????????????????
17
??????
?1963??????????????????????DNA,????????????????,??
??????????????????1988????????????DNA?????????????
??????????????,??DNA??????????????????????????????
?ATP?DNA????????????????????,??????????????,??????
????????????????DNA???????????????????????????????
??????????????????????,?????????????,?????????????
?????
18
4. ???
???????????????????????????????????,??????????????
???????????????????,?????????????????????,????????
?,??????????????????(phosphate lipid)??,??5
nm,???????,????????????,??????????,???????????????
?,???????????????,???????,????????,???????
?????,??A????,B?????,C??????
19
????
?????????????,???????????????????????????(glucose
transporter),??????????,??????????,???????????(int
egral protein)??,??????45,000,??????????,?????????
??????Na???????(symport)???,?????????,???????????
?,????NaKATPase???,??ATP????????????????????????
????(antiport),???????????????????30-50?,?????????
???????????????????????,???????????????????(membra
ne potential)????,????,????50?70???(mV)??????????
?,?????????????????
20
????????
???????????,????????????,???????????????,?????????
??????????????????????????,??????????????????,????
??????????????????????(1976)??????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????,??????????????
???,?????,?????????????????????????????,?????????,
???????????????????????????,??????????????????????
??????????,?????????????????????????????(10-12??),
??????????????????????????,???????????????????????
,??????????
21
5. ??????
??????(electron transferring system)??????????,???
???????????????,??????,????????????,??????????(hyd
rogenase)?????????
???????????
22
6. ????
????(immune system)???????????????????????,???????
???????? (1)??/????????,(2)?????(antigen)???,?(3)
????(memory cells)????????????????????????????????
????????????????????,??????(macrophage)??????(lymp
hocyte),??????????????B??(B cell)?TC??(killer T
cell),??????????????,???????????
??????????????????????????????T?? (helper T
cell,???TH cell)??B?????????(interleukin)???B?T?TH
???????
23
??????
?????????????,???????????????????,????????????????
??????????,?MHC?????????(major histocompatibility
complexes class I and II),??????????????MHC???????
????????????,?????????6????MHC??????,???????MHC???
???????????????????MHC???,?TC????????????,?95????
TC?????????????????,???????????????MHC???????TC???
?????????TC????????????????????,????????????,?????
?MHC????????????????TC????,??????????(tissue
reject)???MHC????????????????????,??????B???,????T
?????,????B?T?TH??????
24
?????????????????,???B???????????,????/???????????
??????????? ???????????TC??????????MHC???????????
????????????????????T??????MHC???????B????,???????
?B?T?TH??????????????,???TC?TH??B????????,??????,?
????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????
?????????/?????/???????,???????????,?????????????
????????,???????????,????,???????????TC?TH????????
???,??????????????????????????
25
7. ??????
?????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????1.3?1.4???, ???????????????????????
????????????????? ????????????,?????70????????????
??????????????????????? ??????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? ?????????????????????????????????????????????
?, ????????????????????????, ???????????????????
26
????
????(nerve cell??????,neuron)???????????,?????????
?(receptor)??????????,????????????????????????????
???????,????(axons)???(dendrites),???????????,????
????????????????????????????(Na)??(K)??(Ca2)??(
Cl-)?????????????????????????????????????,????????
?????,????,????????????????????(ion
channels)???NaKATPase????? ??????????(??????),??
??????????????????,??????????????????????,????????
????????,?????????????????????????,???????????????
??????????????????????????????????? (K)
???????(Cl-)????(Na)?????,???????????????????,???
?????????????????????,??????70-100???(mV),????????
?????????70-100????
27
?????????,??????????????(action
potential)????????????(depolarizing
current)????????????(???-55 mV)???????????????????
?,????????????????,???????????????,???????????????
??,???????????(all or none)? ?????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????,????????????
????????????????????,???????????,?????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????(repolarization)????????????,???
??????????????????
28
????????????????(receptor),???????????????????????
???????????????????,????????,????????????????????,
?????????????????????????????,????????????,???????
?????????,???????????????????????????,?????????,??
?????(Parkinsons disease)??????????? (Substantia
Nigra)???????????????????(Dopamine)???????????????
?????
29
6.3 ??????????
?????????????,????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????(subunit)????????????????
????,?????????????????????????????????????????????
??/????????????????????????????????????

1. ????
2. ????
3. ????
4. ????
5. ?????????

30
????
?????????????????????????????????????????????,????
?????????????????????????????DNA????????,????????,
???????16S rDNA????????
??16S rRNA?????????
31
??????????????,???????rRNA????????????????????????
?,???50S?30S???(S Svedberg unit
?????????,S????,???????),??????????rRNA??????30S??
???16S rRNA,????50S??????5S?23S rRNA?16S
rDNA???????????16S rRNA???? ???????????16S
rDNA??,???????????????????16S rDNA???????????DNA??
?????????????(1)?????????,??????????????,????????
?????????DNA??,(2) DNA?????????,???????????
?????????,?????
32
2. ????
??????????????????????????????????????????????,???
?,????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????(enzyme
sensor)??????(immuno-sensor)??????(receptor
sensor)???????(microbial sensor)?????????(cell
and tissue sensor)???????(nucleic acid sensor)???
,??,?????????DNA????????????? ?
33
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????(enzyme sensor)??????(immunosensor)
??????(receptor sensor)???????(microbial
sensor)?????????(cell and tissue
sensor)???????(nucleic acid sensor)???,????????,??
???(6.2?)??????????,?????????DNA?????????????? ???
????????????,??????????????????????(embedding)????
,???????????????????????????????,?????????????????
??,????????????????????????????,??????????????????
????(drug carrier)??,????????????????,????????????
????????????????,???????????????????,??????,??????
??????
34
3. ????
????????????????????????????????????????????,?????
?????????????????????????????,?(1)??????????(2)???
????????????????(3)???????????????????????????????
??????????????????
?????????? (1)???(promoter)????(terminator)???(2)
????????????????(3)???????(copy
number)?(4)?????????????????(5)???????????????(6)?
???mRNA???????????(7)???????(?????)??????????,????
????????????????????(multiple cloning
sites),?????????????????
35
4. ????
?????????????(gene transfer),?????????????????,???
????,??ex vivo ???????????,??in vivo? ???????
(1)???????(retroviral vector)??????????,??????????
(envelope)???RNA??,?????????????DNA,??????????,???
????????????,??????????????,??????????,???????????
??????????,???????????????(replication competent
virus),???????,???????? (2)?????(adenoviral
vector)?35 Kb,???????,????????,??????(in
vivo)??,?????????,????,????????????????,????????,?
??????????,(3)???????(adeno-associated viral
vector)??5 Kb??DNA???,????????,???????????,?????DN
A?????????????,???????????????
36
??????????,??(1)???????(liposome-mediated gene
transfer)????????????DNA???,?????????????(fusion)?
??,??DNA??,??????????????,???????,(2)?????????(rec
eptor-mediated transfer)?????????????????DNA???(li
gand)???????(endocytosis)?DNA??????,??????DNA???(e
ndosome)????,????????,(3)DNA?????????????????,????
????????DNA????????,??????,????????,?????????????,
(4)???(gene gun)?????????????????DNA????????,?????
,?????DNA??,???????????????,????,?????????DNA???
37
5. ?????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????(lead compound),????????,?????????????,???
???,?????????????????????,????????????????????????
??????????????,???????????????????????????????????
??????,??????????????????????????????(rational
drug design)???????????????????????,??????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????,
?????????????,????????????????????????????????????
????,????????????(drug delivery
system)???,??????????,????????,?????????????????
38
?????????????? ??(positioning)?????(release)?????
(inert cover)?????????????,?????????????,?????????
???? ??????????(?????)???????????????????????????
????????????,????????????? ???????????
????????(liposome)????(microsphere)????(microemuls
ion)?,???????????????(polymeric
microcapsule)?????????????????,????????????,??????
???????,??????????????
39
6.4?????????????
????????????,????????????,???????,??(1)?????(2)
??????/???(3)?????????? (4)???????(5)?????????????
???????,??????????????,???????????????????? ??????
????,???????????????????????,?????????????,???????
??????,????????????????,????????/????????????????/
?????????????,????(1)???(2)???(3)???(4)????(5)????
???????????????????,???????,???????,??????????????
,??????????
40
??????????????,??????/?????/?????????????????????,
????????????????,???????????????,???????,?????????
???(fluorescent in-situ hybridization,
FISH)?????(probe)????,?????????????????,??????????
?????,????????????,????????????rRNA???????????????
?,????????????????,?????????????,?????????,???????
????????????/?????,????????,??????????????????????
?????????????????????,T?B??????????,?????????????
???????????????,????????????????????!??????????,??
??????????,???????????????????
41
??????
??????????????????????,???????????????,???????????
?????????,????DNA ???(DNA adduct)?DNA?????????????
??,????????????????????????????,??????????????????
????,?????DNA????????????,???????????????,????????
??????,??????????????????????,????????????????????
???????????????????/??,????,????????????????,?????
??????????????DNA?????????,????????????????????,??
???????????????????????
42
?????????
?????????????????????????????????,????????????????
??????????????????,???????????????????????,???????
???(??)?????,?????????????,???????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????,??????????????,?
??????????????????????,????????????ATP?????????,?A
TP?????????????????????,??????????????????????,???
????????????,????,??????????????
43
??????
?? DNA
???????
??????
?????
??????
?????
?????