Punctuation

1
Punctuation

• Chapter 26

2
End Marks

• Periods - Use a period to end a declarative
  sentence, an imperative sentence, and an indirect
  question. Use a period to end most abbreviations.

3

• Declarative Sentence a statement punctuated
  with a period
• - Theodore Roosevelt was president of the United
  States.
• Imperative Sentence a statement that gives an
  order or a direction and ends with either a
  period or an exclamation mark
• - Drive straight ahead.

4

• Indirect Question restates a question in a
  declarative sentence
• - I asked where we were going.
• Abbreviations Use a period to end most
  abbreviations. When a sentence ends with an
  abbreviation that makes use of a period, it is
  not necessary to put a second period at the end.
• - Mr. Rd. Tenn. Mt. Dr. St. Gen.

5
Using the Period

• The following sentences do not have periods. Add
  periods where they are needed. If the sentence
  is correct, state the sentence is correct.
• A V Humboldt helped to develop geography as a
  science
• - A.V. Humboldt helped to develop geography as a
  science.

6

• Today, one wonders how geographers categorize
  deserts
• Today, one wonders how geographers categorize
  deserts.
• He asked how deserts form.
• correct

7

• During their cross-country drive, Mr and Mrs
  Lynch stopped in St Louis, MO, as they drove west
• During their cross-country drive, Mr. and Mrs.
  Lynch stopped in St. Louis, MO., as they drove
  west.
• They also drove through the Mojave Desert in
  California.
• correct

8
Question Mark

• Use a question mark to end an interrogative
  sentence. Use a question mark to end an
  incomplete question in which the rest of the
  question is understood. Use a question mark to
  end a statement that is intended as a question.

9

• Interrogative Sentence a sentence that is
  punctuated with a question mark
• Who are you?
• Was there a valid reason for her absence?
• Do not confuse an interrogative sentence, which
  is a direct question, with an indirect question.
  An indirect question requires no answer and
  should end with a period.

10

• Incomplete Question Sometimes a single word or
  phrase is used to ask a question. Use a question
  mark to end an incomplete question in which the
  rest of the question is understood.
• - Certainly, we should have lunch. Where?
• - Of course, I will meet you. Where?

11

• Statement Intended as a Question A question
  that shows surprise is sometimes phrased as a
  declarative sentence. Use a question mark to
  indicate that the sentence is a question.
• We are early?
• There is no electricity?

12
Supplying Question Marks and Periods

• Each of the following sentences is either a
  direct question, on indirect question, or a
  statement intended as a question. Add the
  correct end marks to each of the following
  questions.
• How are the deserts formed
• - How are the deserts formed?

13

• I just had to ask why deserts are hot and dry
• I just had to ask why deserts are hot and dry.
• Dont deserts form in areas of high atmospheric
  pressure
• Dont deserts form in areas of high atmospheric
  pressure?

14

• Deserts are formed because of large-scale
  climatic patterns
• Deserts are formed because of large-scale
  climatic patterns.
• Why might deserts form behind mountain ranges
• Why might deserts form behind mountain ranges?

15

• Mountain ranges create a rain shadow effect
  Where did you learn that
• Mountain ranges create a rain shadow effect.
  Where did you learn that?

16
Exclamation Mark

• Use an exclamation mark to end an exclamatory
  sentence or an imperative sentence if the command
  is urgent and forceful. Use an exclamation mark
  after an interjection expressing strong emotion.

17

• Exclamatory Sentence a statement showing strong
  emotion
• - That was a wonderful trip!
• Imperative Sentence a statement that gives an
  order or a direction and ends with either a
  period or an exclamation mark. Use an
  exclamation mark after an imperative sentence if
  the command is urgent and forceful.
• - Be quiet!
•  

18

• Interjection a word or a phrase that expresses
  feeling or emotion and functions independently of
  a sentence
• Wow! This is fun.
• Oh! Youve ruined the surprise!
• Note About Using Exclamation Marks Exclamation
  marks should not be used too often. Overusing
  them makes writing too emotional and less
  effective.

19
Supplying Exclamation Marks to Sentences

• Add exclamation marks as needed. Then, label
  each item an exclamatory sentence (exc),
  Imperative Sentence (imp), Interjection (int), or
  Declarative (dec)
• I hate being lost in a desert
• - I hate being lost in a desert! exc

20

• I want water
• I want water! exc
• Yippee Its going to rain
• Yippee! Its going to rain! int, exc
• Oh no Its a flash flood
• Oh no! Its a flash flood! int, exc

21

• Get to high water
• Get to high water! imp
• Hurry The water is rising quickly
• Hurry! The water is rising quickly. int, dec
• Oh no Its a flash flood
• Oh no! Its a flash flood! int, exc

22
Supplying End Marks

• Add the correct end marks to each sentence.
• How would you describe a desert
• How would you describe a desert?
• Hot Very hot
• Hot! Very hot!

23

• Are you sure of your answer
• Are you sure of your answer?
• Were you aware that not all regions defined as
  deserts are in warm climates
• Were you aware that not all regions defined as
  deserts are in warm climates?

24

• Imagine Deserts can be found in some regions of
  the North and South pole
• Imagine! Deserts can be found in some regions of
  the North and South pole.
• They are called deserts because moisture freezes
  and plant life cannot grow
• They are called deserts because moisture freezes
  and plant life cannot grow.

25

• I must ask whether you would like to learn more
  about these frozen deserts
• I must ask whether you would like to learn more
  about these frozen deserts.
• Well, use library resources to answer all your
  questions
• Well, use library resources to answer all your
  questions.

26

• Good luck
• Good luck!
• Tom wondered where he could find books
• Tome wondered where he could find books.

27
Commas with Compound Sentences

• A compound sentence consists of two or more
  independent clauses that are joined by a
  coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, for,
  nor, or, so, or yet.
• - The Thar Desert has little rain or vegetation,
  and the herders must collect the leaves from the
  tops of trees for their flocks.

28

• Use a comma before a conjunction only when there
  are complete sentences on both sides of the
  conjunction. If the conjunction joins single
  words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, do not
  use a comma.
• Single Words Heat and sand are common desert
  features.
• Phrases Deserts are found north and south of
  the equator.
• Subordinate Clauses They have decided that you
  should study more and that you should watch less
  television.

29
Using Commas with Compound Sentences

• Commas have been left out of the following
  compound sentences. Read each sentence and add
  commas where they are needed.
• The Thar Desert spans India and Pakistan and it
  is one of the worlds harshest areas.
• The Thar Desert spans India and Pakistan, and it
  is one of the worlds harshest areas.

30

• However, a rich desert culture and colorful
  people can be found in the Thar.
• correct
• You can take a bus tour or you can join a camel
  safari.
• You can take a bus tour, or you can join a camel
  safari.

31

• Youll have a great time visiting the villages
  and exploring the markets.
• correct
• You wont be disappointed nor will you ever
  forget your visit.
• You wont be disappointed, nor will you ever
  forget your visit.

32
Using Commas Between Items in a Series

• Use commas to separate three or more words,
  phrases, or clauses in a series.
• Series of Words The desert animals included
  camels, toads, gerbils, and insects.
• Series of Phrases The treasure map directed
  them over the dunes, into the oasis, and past the
  palm tree.
• Series of Clauses The house was rather quiet
  before she arrived, before her luggage was piled
  up in the hall, and before her three poodles
  took over.

33

• Exception 1 When each item is joined to the
  next by a conjunction, no commas are necessary.
• For this journey, you will need two camels and a
  guide and a canteen.
• Exception 2 No commas are necessary when words
  that are considered to be one item.
• Every table in the diner was set with a knife and
  fork, a cup and saucer, and salt and pepper.

34
Using Commas Between Items in a Series

• In each of the following sentences, add commas as
  needed. State correct if no comma is needed.
• The surface of a desert may be covered with sand
  gravel or polished stones.
• The surface of a desert may be covered with sand,
  gravel, or polished stones.

35

• An oasis is a place where ground water pools
  plant growth flourishes and animals begin to
  feed.
• An oasis is a place where ground water pools,
  plant growth flourishes, and animals begin to
  feed.
• The location of deserts is determined by ocean
  currents the location of mountains and prevailing
  wind patterns.
• The location of deserts is determined by ocean
  currents, the location of mountains, and
  prevailing wind patterns.

36

• Most deserts are located near and between the
  Tropic of Cancer the equator and the Tropic of
  Capricorn.
• Most deserts are located near and between the
  Tropic of Cancer, the equator, and the Tropic of
  Capricorn.
• The Gobi and the Takia Makan and Kyzyl Kum are
  some Asian deserts..
• correct

37
Using Commas Between Adjectives

• Use commas to separate adjectives of equal rank.
  Do not use commas to separate adjectives that
  must stay in a specific order.
• With Commas He drove a shiny, green sedan.
• Without Commas The attic was filled with many
  old clothes.

38

• Note About Commas With Adjectives Never use a
  comma to separate the last adjective in a series
  from the noun it modifies.
• Incorrect A large, gentle-looking, camel sat by
  the road.
• Correct A large, gentle-looking camel sat by
  the road.

39
Commas Between Adjectives

• In each of the following sentences, two
  adjectives have been underlined. Add commas
  between the two adjectives only where necessary.
  State correct if no comma is needed.
• The long dry stretches of sand were mesmerizing.
• The long, dry stretches of sand were mesmerizing.

40

• Two small goats were grazing.
• correct
• A large threatening vulture circled overhead.
• A large, threatening vulture circled overhead.
• The white fluffy clouds were an illusion.
• The white, fluffy clouds were an illusion.

41
Commas After Introductory Material

• Use a comma after an introductory word, phrase,
  or clause
• Introductory Word Yes, Jim is our best debater.
• Introductory Phrase With very little money, she
  left home for the big city.
• Introductory Clause After he finished school,
  Dick joined the Army.

42
Commas After Introductory Material

• Add commas as needed to set off the introductory
  material in each of the following sentences.
• Fearsome looking the desert tarantula is three
  inches long.
• Fearsome looking, the desert tarantula is three
  inches long.

43

• Shrinking back you might think it will jump and
  bite you.
• Shrinking back, you might think it will jump and
  bite you.
• However they can jump only a few inches.
• However, they can jump only a few inches.

44

• For the most part they are harmless creatures.
• For the most, part they are harmless creatures.
• Even if you are bitten the venom is not fatal.
• Even if you are bitten, the venom is not fatal.

45
Commas with Parenthetical Expressions

• Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions.
  (A parenthetical expression is a word or phrase
  that is not essential to the meaning of the
  sentence.)
•  
• Names of People Being Addressed Thats the right
  answer, Doug.
• Certain Adverbs We chose, therefore, not to go.
• Common Expressions This solution, I think, is
  the best.
• Contrasting Expressions The river is long, not
  deep.

46

• A parenthetical expression at the end of a
  sentence needs only one comma.
• The decision should be min, not ours.

47
Commas with Parenthetical Expressions

• Add commas as needed to set off the parenthetical
  expressions in each of the following sentences.
• The position of Earths deserts is explainable
  not accidental.
• The position of Earths deserts is explainable,
  not accidental.

48

• Without a doubt Jason Earths tilt on its axis
  contributes to the desert climates.
• Without a doubt, Jason, Earths tilt on its axis
  contributes to the desert climates.
• Different areas of Earth as we know are angled
  toward the sun at specific times each year.
• Different areas of Earth, as we know, are angled
  toward the sun at specific times each year.

49

• The sun same areas of course do not receive as
  much sunlight at other times.
• The sun same areas, of course, do not receive as
  much sunlight at other times.
• This tilt of Earth therefore causes the four
  seasons.
• This tilt of Earth, therefore, causes the four
  seasons.

50
Commas That Set Off Nonessential Expressions

• To determine when a phrase or clause should be
  set off with commas, decide whether the phrase or
  clause is essential or nonessential to the
  meaning of the sentence.

51

• Appositives and Appositive Phrases a noun or
  pronoun placed after another noun or pronoun to
  identify, rename, or explain the preceding word
• Essential The 1943 movie Sahara takes place in
  North Africa.
• Nonessential Sahara, a movie, takes place in
  North Africa.

52

• Participial Phrases a group of words made up of
  a participial and its modifiers and complements
  that acts as an adjective
• Essential The man waiting in the van is our
  guide.
• Nonessential Pat, waiting in the van, asked us
  to hurry.

53

• Adjective Clauses a subordinate clause that
  modifies a noun or pronoun
• Essential We need someone who can lead us to
  the oasis.
• Nonessential We cheered enthusiastically for
  Darius, who could lead us to the oasis.

54
Commas That Set Off Nonessential Expressions

• Add commas to set off nonessential expressions.
  Not every sentence contains a nonessential
  expression. If the material is essential, state
  essential.
• The Joshua tree a desert plant has thin leaves to
  slow water loss.
• The Joshua tree, a desert plant, has thin leaves
  to slow water loss.

55

• The baboon eating the baobab fruit belongs to the
  zoo.
• essential
• Desert insects dormant for most of the year
  appear when rain causes flowers to bloom.
• Desert insects, dormant for most of the year,
  appear when rain causes flowers to bloom.

56

• Ostriches are large African birds that lay eggs
  with very hard shells.
• essential
• The roadrunner racing by our car could fly if it
  had to.
• The roadrunner, racing by our car, could fly if
  it had to.

57
Using Commas With Dates and Geographical Names

• Dates usually have several parts, including
  months, days, and years. Commas prevent such
  dates from being unclear.

58

• When a date is made up of two or more parts, use
  a comma after each item except in the case of a
  month followed by a day.
• Examples
• Saturday, July 20, is their anniversary.
• January 1, 1945, was the beginning of an
  exciting year.
• September 7, 1999, was my first day of
  school.

59

• When dates contain only months and years, commas
  are unnecessary.
• Examples
• It wasnt until July 1999 that records were
  kept for the part of the Sahara.

60

• When a geographical name is made up of two or
  more parts, use a comma after each item.
• Examples
• Many antiquities were stolen from Cairo,
  Egypt, and shipped to Paris, France.

61
Using Commas With Dates and Geographical Names

• Insert commas where they are needed. State
  correct if no comma is needed.
• They began their cruise on the Nile near
  Alexandria Egypt in June.
• They began their cruise on the Nile near
  Alexandria, Egypt, in June.

62

• There was no reason to go to New Delhi India in
  June.
• There was no reason to go to New Delhi, India, in
  June.
• We were in India in August 1999 the monsoon
  affected our journey.
• correct

63

• However by January 6 2000 wed left for home.
• However, by January 6, 2000, wed left for home.
• Amman Jordan is the capital of that mostly arid
  country.
• Amman, Jordan, is the capital of that mostly arid
  country.

64
Using Commas in Other Situations

• The following rules govern the use of commas in
  addresses, letter salutations and closings,
  numbers, and quotations. A final rule concerns
  using commas to avoid misunderstandings.

65

• Use a comma after each item in an address made up
  of two or more parts. Commas are placed after
  the name, street, and city. No commas separates
  the state from the ZIP Code.
• Examples
• Write to Maxwell Hunnicutt, 54 Monmouth Avenue,
  Dallas, Texas 75243
• Fewer commas are needed when an address is
  stacked.
• Maxwell Hunnicutt
• 54 Monmouth Avenue
• Dallas, Texas 75243

66

• Use a comma after the salutation in a personal
  letter and after the closing to all letters.
• Salutations Dear Bill, Dear Aunt Kathy,
• Closings Sincerely, Best wishes,

67

• With numbers of more than three digits, insert a
  comma before every third digit, counting from the
  right.
• Example 1,750 feet
• 3,608,787 square miles
• Note About Commas With Numbers Do not use
  commas with ZIP Codes, telephone numbers, page
  numbers, or serial numbers.

68

• Use commas to set off a direct quotation from the
  rest of a sentence.
• Example Bret said, Hold the door open.
• I cant, Lorna replied, because my
  arms are full of books.

69

• Use a comma to prevent a sentence from being
  misunderstood.
• Without commas, the following sentences are
  confusing. The addition of commas clarifies the
  meaning.
• Unclear Beyond the mountains were clearly
  visible.
• Clear Beyond, the mountains were clearly
  visible.

70
Using Commas in Other Situations

• Add commas where they are needed.
• Kayla said Two kinds of camels live in the
  desert.
• Kayla said, Two kinds of camels live in the
  desert.
• Nearby the one-humped dromedary waited patiently.
• Nearby, the one-humped dromedary waited
  patiently.

71

• Camels store food in their humps and in parts of
  their stomachs he said so they can go a long
  time without food or drink.
• Camels store food in their humps and in parts of
  their stomachs, he said, so they can go a long
  time without food or drink.
• The area of Mongolia where many camels live the
  harsh Gobi is 604800 square miles.
• The area of Mongolia where many camels live, the
  harsh Gobi, is 604,800 square miles.

72

• To find out more write the Camel Cruise
  Corporation 1035 Camelback Way New Found City
  Hawaii 99900.
• To find out more, write the Camel Cruise
  Corporation, 1035 Camelback Way, New Found City,
  Hawaii 99900.
• We went on a camel cruise last year she told us
  excitedly.
• We went on a camel cruise last year, she told
  us excitedly.

73
SEMICOLONS

• Joins related independent clauses and takes place
  of a comma or a period.
• Use a semicolon to join independent clauses that
  are not already joined by the conjunctions and,
  or, nor, for, but, so, or yet.
• No Conjunction Sarahs best subject is math
  Johns is science.

74

• Semicolons may also be used to join independent
  clauses separated by either a conjunctive adverb
  or a transitional expression.
• Conjunctive Adverbs also, besides, furthermore,
  however, indeed, instead, moreover, nevertheless,
  otherwise, then, therefore, thus
• Conjunctive Adverb We expect to win easily
  nevertheless, we are still practicing very hard.

75

• Transitional Expressions as a result, at this
  time, consequently, first, for instance, in fact,
  on the other hand, second, that is
• Transitional Expression His sister is an
  outstanding poet as a result, she won the school
  poetry contest.
• NOTE Remember to place a comma after the
  conjunctive adverb or transitional expression.

76

• A semicolon may be used to avoid confusion when
  independent clauses or items in a series already
  contain commas.
• Important dates in Jamestown history are April
  30, 1607 September 10, 1607 and January 7,
  1608.

77
Using Semicolons

• In each sentence a comma is used instead of a
  semicolon. Circle the comma to show that a
  semicolon is needed.
• English investors supported the Jamestown
  settlement, therefore, Virginia because a popular
  destination.
• - settlement therefore

78

• The desire to acquire land inspired the
  colonists, indeed, many Virginians joined in the
  westward expansion.
• - colonists indeed
• It was not an easy voyage, the immigrants
  traveled on small ships for many months.
• - voyage the

79

• The cities of Williamsburg, Virginia, New Bern,
  North Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, and
  Savannah, Georgia, became centers of commerce.
• - Williamsburg, Virginia New Bern, North
  Carolina Charleston, South Carolina

80

• In Williamsburg, particularly, there were wig
  makers, who provided wigs for successful men and
  women, saddlers, who made saddles and other horse
  equipment, and cabinet makers, who produced fine
  furniture.
• - women saddlers

81
COLONS

• The colon directs attention to the information
  that follows it.
• Use a colon before a list of items following an
  independent clause.
• Example
• You can visit these historic places in Virginia
  the Jamestown Archaeological Laboratory,
  Jamestown Festival Park, and James Fort.

82

• A colon is used to indicate time with numerals,
  to end salutations in business letters, and to
  signal important ideas.
• Numeral Giving the Time
• 304 P.M.
• Salutations in Business Letters
• Dear Ms. Loberg
• Labels
• Notice Shop is closed for repairs.

83
Using Colons

• Add colons where they are needed.
• We bought three items a pencil, a pen, and an
  eraser.
• - We bought three

84

• The settler wanted three things a horse, a
  saddle, and boots.
• - The settler wanted three things
• Settlers in Virginia during the early eighteenth
  century included German settlers of many
  religious backgrounds Amish, Lutherans, and
• - backgrounds Amish

85

• Caution Deer Crossing
• - Caution Deer Crossing
• We saw several deer in the woods two bucks, five
  does, and three fawns.
• - woods two bucks,
• Dear Mr. Connolly
• - Dear Mr. Connolly

86

• Notice Classes Canceled
• - Notice Classes Canceled
• Gentlemen This is to inform you of a change in
  schedule.
• - Gentlemen This is
• The meeting will be held today at 200 P.M., not
  330 P.M.
• - 200 P.M., not 330 P.M.

87

• The meeting will cover these topics schedule,
  budget, guidelines, and goals.
• - topics schedule,
• Does your flight arrive at 830 or 900?
• - 830 or 900
• Help Wanted Full- or Part-Time
• - Help Wanted Full-

88
Direct and Indirect Quotations

• A direct quotation represents a persons exact
  speech or thoughts and is enclosed in quotation
  marks ( ).
• An indirect quotation reports the general meaning
  of what a person said or thought and does not
  require quotation marks.

89
Direct Quotations

• Set the table for breakfast, Dad said.
• Are you ready? she asked.
• What play was presented? Dorothy wondered.

90
Indirect Quotations

• Bill said that he would help me.
• Carol asked why we were going.
• Tina said that she would do it for me.

91

• State if direct or indirect quotation. Correctly
  capitalize, add quotations, and punctuate
  sentences as needed.
• many of the descendants of prospectors who joined
  the Yukon gold rush still live there said martin
• Direct Quotation
• Many of the descendants of prospectors who
  joined the Yukon gold rush still live there,
  said Martin.

92

• chloe recalled that as a child her mother had
  visited the yukon territory
• Indirect Quotation
• Chloe recalled that as a child her mother had
  visited the Yukon Territory.

93

• the yukon gold rush said jake took place in
  canada
• Direct Quotation
• The Yukon gold rush, said Jake, took place in
  Canada.

94

• why asked meredith do you make that statement
• Direct Quotation
• Why, asked Meredith, do you make that
  statement?

95

• jake replied that many people still think that
  the yukon territory is in alaska
• Indirect Quotation
• Jake replied that many people still think that
  the Yukon Territory is in Alaska.

96
Direct Quotations with Introductory, Concluding,
and Interrupting Expressions

• Expressions such as he asked are often used to
  identify the speaker in a direct quotation.
  These expressions can begin, conclude, or
  interrupt a quotation.

97

• Capitalize the first word of the initial
  quotation in each sentence.
• Elena said, We will need at least twelve more.
• Punctuation marks are usually placed inside the
  quotation marks.

98

• Introductory Expressions
• Barbara said, Lets shovel the snow.
• Concluding Expressions
• I am happy, said Bill
• Will you join us tomorrow? we asked.

99

• Interrupting Expressions
• That, we were informed, is a snow leopard.
• Two Sentences
• This is not the right way, George said. Lets
  turn back.

100

• Correctly capitalize, add quotations, and
  punctuate sentences as needed.
• have you ever visited colonial williamsburg asked
  keesha
• Have you ever visited Colonial Williamsburg?
  asked Keesha.

101

• not since i was in second grade i answered
• Not since I was in second grade, I answered.
• keesha said that shed been there during spring
  vacation
• Keesha said that shed been there during spring
  vacation.

102

• there is so much history she exclaimed its
  called the largest living museum in the world
• There is so much history! she exclaimed. Its
  called the largest living museum in the world.

103
Quotation Marks for Dialogue

• Place a comma or a period inside the final
  quotation mark.
• Place a question mark or exclamation mark inside
  the final quotation mark if the end mark is part
  of the quotation and outside if the end mark is
  part of the entire sentence, not the quotation.

104

• Read each sentence and decide if the missing
  punctuation goes inside or outside the quotation
  marks. Then, add the necessary punctuation.
• How dare you say, You werent invited
•  
• How dare you say, You werent invited!
• Will anyone say, That is not what I meant
• Will anyone say, That is not what I meant?

105

• My friend asked, Why does firing a pistol start
  the race
• My friend asked, Why does firing a pistol start
  the race?
• The pilot continued, Is this your first flight
•  
• The pilot continued, Is this your first flight?

106

• Zelda excitedly announced, I got the job
• Zelda excitedly announced, I got the job!
• Ben said, All he had ever asked for was a fair
  chance
• Ben said, All he had ever asked for was a fair
  chance.

107
Underlining and Other Uses of Quotation Marks

• Underline or italicize the titles of long written
  works, publications published as a single work,
  movies, television and radio series, and works of
  music and art.
• Underline the names of individual air, sea,
  space, and land craft.

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WORKS THAT ARE UNDERLINED or ITALICIZED
Title of a Book The Deerslayer Title of a Play King Lear Title of a Movie Star Wars Title of a Television Series Victory at Sea Title of a Painting Night Watch Name of Sea Craft the Lusitania Number Used as Name Thirteen is an unlucky number.
109

• Use quotation marks around the titles of short
  written works, episodes in a series, songs, parts
  of a long musical composition, and the title of a
  work that is mentioned as part of a collection.

WORKS WITH QUOTATION MARKS
Title of a Short Story The Purloined Letter Title of an Article How to Train Your Dog Title of a Song Night and Day
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• Each of the following sentences contains a title
  that needs quotation marks. Some of the sentences
  also contain titles that need underlining. Either
  enclose the titles in quotation marks or
  underline them.
• My favorite book is Gone With the Wind.
• My favorite book is Gone With the Wind.

111

• Have you ever seen Touched by an angel on
  television?
• Have you ever seen Touched by an Angel on
  television?
• My favorite song is Getting to Know You from The
  King and I.
• My favorite song is Getting to Know You from
  The King and I.

112

• The first ships to arrive in Virginia were the
  Susan Constant, the Goodspeed, and the Discovery.
• The first ships to arrive in Virginia were the
  Susan Constant, the Goodspeed, and the Discovery.
• Shenandoah is a song about the Shenandoah River
  valley in Virginia.
• Shenandoah is a song about the Shenandoah River
  valley in Virginia.

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When to Use the Hyphen

• A hyphen is used to form numbers from twenty-one
  to ninety-nine and with fractions that are used
  as adjectives.
• Hyphens are also used with certain prefixes and
  suffixes, and with certain compound nouns and
  modifiers.
• Do not use hyphens with compound proper
  adjectives or modifiers that include a word
  ending in ly.

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USES OF THE HYPHEN
With Numbers seventy-five books With Fractions Used as Adjectives the three-fifths rule Prefixes and Suffixes post-season game ex-senator Compound Nouns great-grandmother Compound Modifiers once-a-month meeting
115

• Put hyphens where they are necessary. State
  correct if the sentence is correct.
• Sir John Franklin was the first nonnative to see
  any part of the Yukon Territory.
• Correct
• Franklin was a self confident man.
• Franklin was a self-confident man.

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• He first reached the Yukon from the Arctic side,
  a once in a lifetime accomplishment.
• He first reached the Yukon from the Arctic side,
  a once-in-a-lifetime accomplishment.
• In 1841, Robert Campbell explored the Yukon,
  thirty four years after the Hudson Bay Company
  navigated the area.
• In 1841, Robert Campbell explored the Yukon,
  thirty-four years after the Hudson Bay Company
  navigated the area.

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Rules for Dividing Words at the End of a Line

• Divide words only between syllables.
• Do not divide a word so that a single letter
  stands alone and do not divide proper nouns or
  project adjectives.
• Divide a hyphenated word only after the hyphen.

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DIVIDING WORDS DIVIDING WORDS
Correct Incorrect
mid-dle Afar Henry empty-hand-ed midd-le a-far Hen-ry emp-ty-handed
119

• Decide whether you can hyphenate each of the
  following words. If you can divide the word,
  spell out the word and state hyphen at each point
  that it can be divided. If it cannot be divided,
  state correct.
• counter
• coun-ter

120

• empty-handed
• empty-handed
• engage
• en-gage
• snowfall
• snow-fall

121

• tent
• tent
• regroup
• re-group
• overrun
• over-run

122
Bibliography

• Carroll, Joyce A., Edward E. Wilson, and Gary
  Forlini. Prentice Hall Writing and Grammar.
  Boston, Massachusetts Pearson Prentice Hall,
  2008.