FISH

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FISH

• MARINE
• FISH

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Uses of Fish

• Most economical in ocean
• Vital source of protein for millions
• Fertilizer, glue, vitamins, more
• Sport fishing
• Pets

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Chordate Phylum

• 4 Basic Characteristics
• One dorsal hollow nerve cord
• Pharyngeal gill slits
• A notochord
• A post-anal tail

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Types of Fish

• Jawless
• Cartilaginous
• Boney

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Jawless Fish class Agnatha
Hagfish slime eels Lamprey
No Jaws feed by suction and rows of teeth No
paired fins and scales like most fish
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Cartilagious Fish

• Class
• Chondrichthyes

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The Elephant Fish is a ratfish
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Cartilage Fish

• Sharks, rays, skates and ratfishes
• Skeleton made of cartilage
• Lighter and more flexible than bones
• Movable jaws and well-developed teeth
• Paired lateral fins for great swimming
• Placoid Scales pointed tip directed back
• Made of same stuff as teeth

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Shark tidbits

• Slow growing slow reproducing
• Shark meat eaten a lot
• regular fish or scallops
• Skin- sandpaper or leather
• Oils for lamps etc.
• Fins for soup in Orient
• Cartilage joint nutrient for arthritis

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Rays and Skates

• Dorsoventrally flattened bodies
• Live on bottomdemersal
• Pectoral fins are flat and large like wings
• Only rays and skates have have gill slits on
  underside of body.
• Stingray poison gland on tail

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A Ray or a Skate? That is the Question
The major distinction between Rays and Skates is
their reproductive strategy. Rays are
viviparous (bearing live young), while skates are
oviparous (laying eggs). Less mobility in the
ray. Rays have flat plate-like teeth. Skates on
the other hand have cusped teeth.
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Bony FishClass - Osteichthyes

• Fins are supported by rays
• two types of rays
• soft
• spines

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Fin Identification

• unpaired fins
• dorsal
• caudal
• anal
• paired fins
• pectoral
• pelvic

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Skin

• epidermis
• mucous glands
• cuticle
• dermis
• scales
• hypodermis

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Scales

• placoid
• ganoid
• cycloid
• ctenoid
• absent

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Lateral line

• sensory system
• a line of pores lead to mechanoreceptors
• environmental information
• pressure, currents, sound

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Color

• cells
• chromatophores
• pigments
• iridophores
• reflective substances
• control
• endocrine system
• nervous system

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Anatomy overview
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Respiratory system

• lungs
• gills
• bilateral
• operculum

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Gill structure

• gill arches
• primary lamellae (filaments)
• secondary lamellae

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Cardiovascular system

• 2 chamber heart
• atrium
• ventricle
• sinus venosus
• bulbus arteriosus

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Circulation

• venous blood to heart
• hepatic portal system
• renal portal system
• heart to gills
• via ventral aorta
• gills to body
• via dorsal aorta

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Red blood cells

• elliptical and nucleated
• no bone marrow
• main source
• head kidney

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White blood cells

• Similar to mammalian
• no lymph nodes or GALT
• lymphocytes gt neutrophils
• lymphoid tissues
• thymus
• head kidney
• spleen
• melanomacrophage centers

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Excretory system

• gills
• kidneys
• anterior kidney
• posterior kidney

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Osmoregulation

• electrolyte balance
• freshwater vs saltwater

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Osmoregulation

• freshwater fish
• water diffuses in
• ions diffuse out
• drink little
• lots of dilute urine
• actively reabsorb ions
• kidneys
• gills

• saltwater fish
• water diffuses out
• ions diffuse in
• drink a lot
• concentrated urine
• actively excrete ions
• kidneys
• gills
• gut

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Swim bladder

• Two types
• physoclistic
• capillary network
• physostomatous
• pneumatic duct
• functions
• buoyancy
• sound, pressure detection

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Digestive system

• Stomach
• intestine
• pyloric
• middle
• rectal
• spiral colon
• pyloric cecae
• liver
• pancreas

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Nutrition

• Species variation
• food
• feeding behavior
• time
• location
• obtaining food
• general fish nutrition
• protein and lipids gt carbohydrates

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Neuroendocrine system

• brain
• forebrain
• olfactory bulbs
• midbrain
• optic lobes
• cerebellum
• spinal cord

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Electrical system

• electric organs
• electroreceptors
• examples
• electric eel
• electric catfish
• electric ray

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Biolumination

• self -luminous
• photophores
• luciferase
• symbiotic bacteria

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• WATER QUALITY

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Water environments

• freshwater
• brackish water
• saltwater

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• Freshwater system
• specific gravity 1.00
• Brackish system
• specific gravity 1.01

• Saltwater system
• specific gravity 1.02

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Bioload

• Nonaerated freshwater
• 1 inch fish/ gallon
• aerated freshwater
• 3 inches fish/ gallon
• saltwater
• 0.5 inches fish/ gallon
• excluding tail fin

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Ammonia

• Nitrogenous
• fish waste product
• toxic

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Nitrification

• Bacteria Bacteria
• (Nitrosomas) (Nitrobacter)
• ammonia nitrite
  nitrate
  

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Conditioning a new tank

• seeding bacteria
• limited population
• time

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PH

• ranges
• freshwater 7.0-7.6
• brackish 7.0-7.6
• saltwater 8.1-8.3

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Decreased PH

• effects
• inhibits Nitrosomas and Nitrobacter
• direct health problems for fish

• control
• check bioload
• remove waste
• calcium rich substrate
• sodium bicarbonate
• temporary

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Increased PH

• effects
• ammonia is more toxic
• nonionized
• direct health problems for fish

• control
• check substrates for calcium rich ones
• peat moss
• acetic acid
• temporary

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Oxygen

• water0.7 dissolved oxygen
• oxygen solubility decreases as
• temperature increases
• salinity increases
• low oxygen effects
• respiratory distress in fish
• inhibits Nitrosomas and Nitrobacter

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Oxygen

• replenished by
• airwater interface
• aeration system
• monitored as DO
• Dissolved Oxygen

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Temperature

• preferred ranges variable
• 0 45 C
• temperature changes should be gradual
• no more than 1 C/ 2 minutes in tank
• no more than 2 -3 C between tanks

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Light

• light cycles
• 12/12
• at least 8-10/24 hours of darkness
• light source
• fluorescent most common
• no incandescent
• no direct sunlight

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Chlorine/ Chloramines

• toxic/ lethal to fish
• removal
• aeration and time
• sodium thiosulfate
• carbon filter

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Heavy metals

• toxic/lethal to fish
• sources
• metal pipes
• metal tank frames
• metal decoration
• saltwater
• extremely corrosive to metals

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Filtration

• mechanical filtration
• chemical filtration
• biological filtration

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Mechanical Filtration

• Physically traps suspended particles
• sand, gravel, floss, plastic,diatomaceous earth

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Chemical Filtration

• chemically binds and removes dissolved compounds
• charcoal, protein skimmer, UV, ozone

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Biological Filtration

• Nitrification
• bacteria
• substrates
• plastic, gravel, live rock, decorations

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BEHAVIOR
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Social Behaviors

• species specific

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Intraspecies Behavior
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Interspecies Behaviors
?
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Feeding behavior
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Environmental behavior

• geotaxis
• phototaxis
• electrotaxis
• thygmotaxis
• rheotaxis
• chemotaxis

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Reproductive system

• female
• ovaries
• oviduct
• no uterus
• male
• testes

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Fertilization

• External fertilization
• open-spawners
• substrates
• Internal fertilization

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Breeding

• females and males
• hermaphrodites

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Gestation

• oviparous
• ovoviviparous
• viviparous

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Spawning

• Control
• hormonal
• environmental cues
• seasonal
• Ovulation
• once/season
• more than once/season
• Inducible

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RESEARCH
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Research

• Advantages
• diversity-30,000 species
• easy to maintain in large numbers
• reproduce rapidly
• External fertilization/large eggs
• many species used
• Zebrafish, Japanese meduka

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Research areas

• embryology
• growth and regenertion
• genetics and transgenics
• toxicology and environmental monitoring
• neoplasia
• ocular
• pharmacodynamics
• physiology