Political Changes in the Early 19th Century

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Political Changes in the Early 19th Century
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Judiciary Act of 1789

• The Judiciary Act of 1789 organized a judicial
  branch with a six-person Supreme Court, as well
  as district courts and circuit courts of appeal.
  
• Washington named John Jay as chief justice of the
  Supreme Court.

3
Hamiltons Financial Plan

• Hamilton created a controversial threepoint
  plan.
• Three Parts of Plan
• 1. The federal government should take on
  both state and national debt.
• 2. The government should raise revenue by
  passing tariffs.
• 3. The United States should create a national
  bank and mint to stabilize the banking
  system.

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Bank of the United States

• By far the most controversial part of Hamiltons
  plan was the idea of a national bank.
• Some people believed the government did not have
  the power to create a national bank because it
  was not specifically granted in the Constitution.
• Those people were called strict constructionists.
• Some people pointed out that the Constitution
  allows actions that are not strictly prohibited
• Those people were called loose constructionists.
• Jefferson urged Washington to veto the bank bill,
  but Hamilton convinced him that being flexible
  was important to the government.
• Hamilton and Jeffersons differences led to the
  creation of political parties.
• Those who supported Jefferson were the
  Democratic-Republicans.
• Those who supported Hamilton were the Federalists

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Supreme Court Decisions

• Marbury vs. Madison-Supreme Court ruled the Court
  had the right to declare a law unconstitutional
• McCulloch v. Maryland Sided with the federal
  government on the national bank issue, holding
  national interests above state interests
• Gibbons v. Ogden Gave the national government
  sole right to regulate interstate commerce

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The War of 1812

• In 1803 the Napoleonic Wars broke out between
  France and Great Britain.
• The U.S. was involved, as both French and British
  warships stopped American merchant ships, and the
  British began seizing and drafting Americans at
  sea.
• Americans were angered when they discovered the
  British were helping Native Americans against the
  settlers in the Northwest Territory.
• A group of young members of Congress known as the
  War Hawks called for war against the British to
  protect American interests.

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The War of 1812 Causes and Effects

• The War of 1812 was the second war between the
  British and Americans in North America. It ranged
  from Canada in the north to Louisiana in the
  south.
• In the final battle, Americans won a decisive
  victory when General Andrew Jackson led American
  troops against a large British force in New
  Orleans.
• While Jackson fought at New Orleans, a peace
  treaty had already been signed.

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The War of 1812 Causes and Effects

• Causes
• British impressment of American sailors
• International conflicts over commerce
• British military aid to Native Americans on the
  Northwest Territory frontier

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The War of 1812 Causes and Effects

• Effects
• Foreign respect for the U.S.
• National pride
• Increase in American manufacturing
• Less Native American resistance

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Monroe Doctrine

• The Monroe Doctrine Made America off-limits to
  European colonization stated that America should
  stay out of European affairs and vice versa

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Second Bank of the United States

• The National Bank
• Congress established the Second Bank of the
  United States in 1816 to regulate state banks,
  which grew rapidly after the demise of the First
  Bank of the United States.
• Jackson sealed the fate of the bank by ordering
  the secretary of the treasury to remove national
  bank money and put it in state banks.

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Territorial Changes in the Early 19th Century
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Louisiana Purchase

• One of Jeffersons major achievements was the
  purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France,
  known as the Louisiana Purchase.
• Jefferson finally decided that the right to
  purchase territory was implicit in the
  constitutional power to make treaties.
• Jefferson sent out expeditions, including the
  Lewis and Clark expedition.
• The Lewis and Clark expedition reached the
  Pacific Ocean and mapped and surveyed much
  territory along the way.

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Adams-Onis Treaty

• The Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) Acquired Florida as
  a boundary between Louisiana and Spanish land
  let Americans settle Oregon for 10 years

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Manifest Destiny Encourages Settlers

• Some Americans believed in Manifest Destiny,
  which meant they thought it was Americas
  God-given right to settle western lands.

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Manifest Destiny Encourages Settlers

• Several major western trails were
  well-established by 1850
• The Santa Fe Trail led from Independence,
  Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico.
• The Oregon Trail was the longest, most famous
  trail leading from Independence Missouri to the
  Willamette Valley in Oregon.
• The Mormon Trail was the path that Joseph Smiths
  persecuted Mormons followed in search of
  religious freedom in the West.

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The Gold Rush

• In 1848 a carpenter discovered gold in northern
  California.
• News of gold spread and many migrated to
  California this mass migration of miners, and
  businesspeople who made money from miners, was
  called the Gold Rush.
• The 80,000 migrants called forty-niners left for
  California in 1849 this population boom enabled
  Californias statehood a year later.
• Many came on the California Trail, on ships, and
  on mule trains.
• In California, miners moved into camps and
  businesspeople moved into booming cities like San
  Francisco, Sacramento, and Stockton.