Yakutsk EAS Array

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Cosmic Rays
V.Hess (1912)
I 1 particle/(cm2s)
CR origin problem i) CR source (?) ii)
Acceleration mechanism (?)
Earth
Atmosphere
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Cosmic Ray Flux
Possible CR sources
Galactic SNRs
knee
SNRs (?)
Reacceleration (?)
ankle
Extragalactic (?)
GZK cutoff (?)
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Yakutsk Extensive Air Shower Array

• Operates since 1973
• Designed for registration of Extensive Air
  Showers of secondary
• particles, produced by
  high energy Cosmic Ray particle
• 
  in the Earth
  atmosphere
• Includes electron, muon and Cherenkov light
  detectors
• Purpose Investigation of Cosmic Rays properties
  energy spectrum,
• composition, anisotropy within the energy
  range 1015-1020 eV

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Aperture of EAS arrays
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Yakutsk EAS Array (area S12 km2)
Extensive Air Shower (EAS)
Single array station
- Surface detectors (49x210) - Cherenkov light
detectors (32) - Muon detectors S20 m2 (5) -
Large muon detector S180 m2 - Differential
detectors of Cherenkov light
(2) - Future differential detector
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(????? ??? Glushkov et al. 2009)
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????? ??? ??????? ? ??. 2008
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Mean logarithm of CR atomic number
Berezhko 2009
CRs from SNRs reacceleration Extragalactic CRs
Yakutsk
Experiment ATIC-2 (Panov et al. 2006) JACEE
(Asakimori et al. 1998) KASKADE (QGSJET,
SIBYLL) (Hörandel
2005) HiRes (QGSJET, SIBYLL)
(Abbasi et al. 2005)
CRs from SNRs CRs from AGNs
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Energy spectrum of CRs
Dip p ? ? p e e-
(Berezinsky et al.2006)
Berezhko (2009, ApJL)
GZK cutoff p ? ? N p
Experiment Akeno-AGASA (Takeda et al.
2003) HiRes (Abbasi et al. 2005) Yakutsk
(Egorova et al. 2004)
CR spectrum, produced in SNRs
CR spectrum from AGNs JEGe -2.7
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Modernization of Yakutsk EAS array (2007-2011)
Supplement by new detectors differential
Cherenkov light detectors to study Cosmic Ray
composition
Detector synchronization will be improved from
100 ns up to 10 ns This will provide better
angular resolution
Present

Planned
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SN 1006
Berezhko, Ksenofontov, Völk (2009)
SN Ia age T 1000 yr distance d
2.2 kpc ISM density NH 0. 05 cm-3
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?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? RXJ1713
Berezhko Völk (2006)
SN II/Ib age T 1600 yr distance d 1
kpc
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???? 1017 ??,
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3 ???.???.
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Institutes achievements

• CR transport equation (1964)
• Efficient mechanism of CR acceleration by
  shocks (1977)
• Kinetic nonlinear theory of CR acceleration
• 
  in Supernova Remnants (1993)

Theory provides detail prediction of the
properties of CRs and associated emission,
produced in SNRs
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Cassiopeia A
Type Ib Distance 3.4 kpc Age
345 yr Radius 2 pc
radio
InfraRed
X-rays
gamma-rays
Berezhko et al.(2003)
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Energy spectrum of CRs, produced in SNRs
Theory Berezhko Völk (2007)
Amplified magnetic field Bd2/(8p)
10-2?0VS2 Bd gtgt BISM
knee
emax Z
Experiment CAPRICE (Boezio et al. 2003) ATIC-2
(Panov et al. 2006) JACEE (Asakimori et al.
1998) KASKADE (Antoni et al. 2005)
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Cosmic Ray spectrum and composition
Precise measurement of CR spectrum and
composition at 1017-1019 eV is needed to find
transition region between galactic and
extragalactic CR components
Extragalactic CRs
CRs from Galactic SuperNova Remnants
extragalactic CRs
Galactic CRs
Galactic CRs (from SNRs reacceleration)
extragalactic CRs
Galactic CRs
Extragalactic CRs
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CR spectrum measured by Yakutsk EAS array
p ? ? p e e-
p ? ? N p
???????????????? ?????????
CRs from extragalactic sources
GZK cutoff
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Correlation of highest energy CRs with Active
Galactic Nuclei(d lt65 ???)
Ivanov(2008)
CRs from AGN directions (within 3?)
Isotropic CR angular distribution
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Photons in Cosmic Rays (upper limit, 95 CL)
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• Ykutsk EAS array includes
• 49 basic stations on 12 km2 area,
• equipped with two 2m2 scintillation
  detectors and
• 
  with Cherenkov light detector
• 5 muon detectors of 20 m2 (1 GeV threshold)
• 2 differential Cherenkov detectors
• Muon detector of 180 m2
• 10 additional scintillation detectors
• and 14 Cherenkov detectors within the
  central part
• for registration of EAS with
  energies 1014-1017 eV

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Energy spectrum of CRs
Dip p ? ? p e e-
Dip scenario
Berezhko Völk (2007)
GZK cutoff p ? ? N p
Experiment Akeno-AGASA (Takeda et al.
2003) HiRes (Abbasi et al. 2005) Yakutsk
(Egorova et al. 2004)
CR spectrum, produced in SNRs
CR spectrum from JEGe -2.7 extragalactic
sources (Berezinsky et al.2006)
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Energy spectrum of CRs
Ankle scenario
CR spectrum from JEGe -2 extragalactic
sources (Berezinsky et al.2006)
CR from SNRs reacceleration
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Cassiopeia A
Type Ib Distance 3.4 kpc Age
345 yr Radius 2 pc Circumstellar medium
free WR wind swept up RSG wind free
RSG wind
Tuffs (1986), VLA
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???????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ???
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Mean logarithm of CR atomic number
Berezhko (2009)
CRs from SNRs reacceleration Extragalactic CRs
Experiment ATIC-2 (Panov et al. 2006) JACEE
(Asakimori et al. 1998) KASKADE (QGSJET,
SIBYLL) (Hörandel
2005) HiRes (QGSJET, SIBYLL)
(Abbasi et al. 2005)
CRs from SNRs CRs from AGNs
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Astroparticle studies in Yakutsk

• E.G.Berezhko
• Yu.G.Shafer
  Institute
• of Cosmophysical Research and
  Aeronomy
• Yakutsk,
  Russia