Ocean and Coastal Processes

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Ocean and Coastal Processes
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The Origin of Earths Water
Magma

• Most water came from __________ originating deep
  within Earths molten interior.
• 2. Some water could have come from ________
  (dirty snowballs) from outer space.

Outgassing
Comets
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Sources of salts
96.5
_____ Water _____ Salts Seawater is ________
dense than pure water.
3.5
more

• _____________ weathering of rocks release salts.
• 2. Runoff (overland flow) and groundwater
  dissolve salts in bedrock and soil, delivering
  about ___________ tons of dissolved solids to the
  oceans each year.

Chemical
4 billion
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ESRT page 1
Ocean Currents ESRT page 4
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• Water is most dense at ______C
• 2. The primary cause of deep ocean currents is
  differences in ____________.
• 3. Cold water is _______ dense than warm water so
  it sinks.

density
More
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4. The movement and circulation of ocean waves
along the surface follows __Wind_ circulation.
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• 5. Winds and ocean currents curve over long
  distances due to _________________. This is
  called the ___________________.
• 6. A _______ is a large, curving pattern of
  circulation in the ocean.

Earths roataion
Coriolis effect
gyre
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Questions Surface Ocean Currents ESRT page 4 1.
According to The Earth Science Reference Tables,
which location has a coastal climate that is
generally made warmer by the influence of a
nearby ocean current? (1) Southern
California (2) Peru in South America (3) Brazil
in South America (4) Northwestern Africa near the
Canary Islands
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2. The Canaries Current along the west coast of
Africa and the Peru Current along the west coast
of South America are both (1) warm currents that
flow away from the equator (2) warm currents that
flow toward the equator (3) cool currents that
flow away from the equator (4) cool currents that
flow toward the equator
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3. Warm water from tropical oceans is carried to
northern Europe by the Gulf Stream and the (1)
Alaska Current (2) Canaries Current (3) North
Atlantic Current (4) Brazil Current
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4. Which surface ocean current transport warm
water to higher latitudes? (1) Labrador
Current (2) Falkland Current (3) Kuroshio
Current (4) Peru Current
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5. Most surface ocean currents in the northern
and southern hemisphere do not curve in the same
direction. Describe the direction in which most
surface ocean currents curve in the Northern
Hemisphere.
Northern Hemisphere
clockwise
Southern Hemisphere
counter clockwise
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• Currents and Climate
• Water has a high ________________ compared to
  most materials.
• ESRT page 1

Specific heat
It takes water a long time to heat up and cool
down because of its high specific heat capacity.
2. This means that the temperature of ocean water
does not change as quickly as the temperature of
_____________ and ___________.
rock
soil
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REGENTS REVIEW QUESTION 1. Equal masses of
granite, iron, basalt, and liquid water are at
room temperature.  Each substance then absorbs
then same amount of additional heat energy. 
Assuming no phase change, which substance would
change least in temperature? 1. granite 2. iron
3. basalt 4. liquid water
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2. Pieces of lead, copper, iron, and granite,
each having a mass of 1 kilogram and a
temperature of 100C, were removed from a
container of boiling water and allowed to cool
under identical conditions.  Which piece most
likely cooled to room temperature first? 1.
copper 2. lead 3. iron 4. granite
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• 3. Equal volumes of the four samples shown below
  were placed outside and heated by energy from the
  Suns rays for 30 minutes.
•                                                 
                                                    
                                                    
                          
• The surface temperature of which sample increased
  at the slowest rate?
• water
• copper pennies
• basaltic sand
• iron fragments

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small
3. Coastal locations usually have a _____________
range of temperature than do inland locations.
4. Cold and warm currents also affect
coastal _________________. 5. California has a
______________ ocean current therefore the air
temperature is _________ than normal. 6. People
that live along the Gulf of Mexico or the
Atlantic coastline of the United States have a
____________ climate due to the
__________________ Ocean current.
temperatures
cold
cooler
warmer
Gulf Stream
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• Questions
• Describe how ocean surface currents near the
  coast change the climate of the southern coastal
  region of Alaska.
• 2. Explain how there could be palm trees in
  England which is located at an equal latitude as
  Canada.

Alaskan current causes the climate to be warmer.
England is affected by the warm North Atlantic
Current
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Tides
Gravitational pull

1. The tides are caused by ______________
   of the moon and the sun.
2. The __________ has a greater gravitation effect
   on Earth because it is much closer to Earth.
3. There are approximately ______ high tides and
   ______ low tides everyday.
4. Tides are a ____________ and _____________ event.
   From high tide to high tide the cycle takes place
   every _______ hours.
5. ______________occurs when the Earth, Moon, and
   Sun are all aligned.

Moon
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2
predictable
cyclic
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Spring tides
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Neap tides
90
6. ______________ occurs when the Earth, Moon and
Sun are at a ______ angle.
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Coastal Processes
Rivers streams

• Two primary sources of sediment for beaches are
  __________ that bring sediment along the shore
  and ____________ that carry sediment onto the
  beach.
• 2. Most energy of waves comes from __________.
• 3. _____________ transport is the movement of
  waves parallel to the shoreline.

waves
Wind
Longshore
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Long shore current
Spit
4. The construction of a Groin (pier) causes the
shoreline become _______ on the side of groin
where the ______ is coming from. 5. Spits point
to the direction of the __________________. 6.
Which direction is the longshore current?
wider
wind
Longshore current
West
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REGENTS REVIEW 1. Waves that erode the shore of
Lake Ontario are caused primarily by 1. the
rotation of the Earth 2. differences in
temperature of lake water along the shore 3.
winds blowing over the lake surface 4. density
variations within the lake
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•                                                   
                                                    
                                   
• 2. Students compared recent photographs of the
  beaches with photographs taken three years ago
  and discovered that parts of the shoreline have
  changed.  Which characteristic of the shoreline
  probably has changed the most?
• composition of the beach sand
• size of the beaches
• positions of the jetties
• length of the peninsula

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3. The diagram represents a shoreline along which
several general features have been labeled.
                                                  
                                                  
                 
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Which statement best describes the longshore
current that is modifying this coastline? 1. The
current is flowing northward at a right angle to
the shoreline. 2. The current is flowing
southward at a right angle away from the
shoreline. 3. The current is flowing eastward
parallel to the shoreline. 4. The current is
flowing westward parallel to the shoreline.
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1
After the formation of the baymouth bar, the
jetty (a structure of rocks that extends into the
water) labeled A was constructed perpendicular to
the shoreline.  Which statement best describes
the result of the construction of this jetty? 1.
Water current velocity at location B decreased.
2. Water current velocity at location B
increased. 3. Sand deposition at location B
decreased. 4. Sand deposition was not affected.