DIEREDIVERSITEIT ANIMAL DIVERSITY

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DIEREDIVERSITEITANIMAL DIVERSITY
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Radiale simmetrie
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Weefsellae
Elke embrio begin as n bol selle en vandaar
ontwikkel die sellae
Endoderm SVK Mesoderm - interne
organe Ektoderm vel en senuweestelsel
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AANTAL LAE VAN DIE LIGGAAM

• Elke embrio begin as n bol selle en vandaar
  ontwikkel die sellae
• Endoderm SVK
• Mesoderm - interne organe
• Ektoderm vel en senuweestelsel
• SODRA N MESODERM IN N ORGANISME TEENWOORDIG IS,
  IS DIE ORGANISME IN STAAT OM KOMPLEKSE EN
  DOELTREFFENDE ORGAANSTELSELS TE ONTWIKKEL

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NUMBER OF BODY LAYERS

• Each embryo starts as a ball of cells and move
  into different cell layers
• Endoderm Digestive system
• Mesoderm - internal organs
• Ectoderm skin and nervous system
• ONCE A MESODERM IS PRESENT IN AN EMBRYO, THE
  ORGANISM IS ABLE TO DEVELOP COMPLEX AND EFFICIENT
  ORGAN SYSTEMS

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Coelom/ Seloom BODY CAVITY / LIGGAAMSHOLTE
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BELANGRIKHEID VAN SELOOM (Rompholte)IMPORTANCE
OF A COELOM

• It keeps the INTERNAL ORGANS separated from the
  outer layer of the body so that the internal
  organs can MOVE and GROW on their own.

• Dit hou die INTERNE ORGANE afsonderlik van die
  buitenste laag van die liggaam sodat die organe
  op hul eie kan BEWEEG en GROEI.

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Kingdoms/Koninkryke
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FILOGENETIESE BOME

• n Filogenetiese boom wys hoe naby twee groepe
  verwant aan mekaar is.
• Dis n hipotese oor die geskiedenis van n groep
  organismes op grond van n spesifieke stel
  eienskappe.
• Die boom toon n VOOROUER aan die ONDERKANT.
• n Voorouer is die eerste spesie wat n nuwe ryk,
  filum of ander groep organismes begin vorm het.
• Die voorouer van ALLE diere is die KOLONIALE
  PROTISTE

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PHYLOGENETIC TREE

• A phylogenetic tree shows how closely two groups
  are related.
• Its a hypothesis about the history of a group of
  organisms based on a particular set of
  chatacteristics.
• A tree shows the ANCESTOR at the BASE.
• An ancestor is the first species that began a new
  kingdom, phylum or other group of organisms.
• The ancestor of ALL animals are COLONIAL PROTISTS.

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D The original ancestral stock continues to
evolve and diversifies to become Phylum 3
PHYLUM 2
PHYLUM 1
PHYLUM 3
C A new species diverges from the branch leading
to Phylum 1. This species is successful and it
diversifies and becomes Phylum 2.
C
D
B
B this is a point of DIVERGENCE where a new
species evolved from the ancestral stock (Note
the ancestral stock continues to exist) It may
undergo evolutionary change.
A
ANCESTRAL STOCK
A At the base of the tree, Ancestral stock
means that all the taxonomic groups (phyla) above
the trunk descended from a common ancestor
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D Die oorspronklike voorouerlike familie hou aan
ontwikkel om Filum 3 te word.
FILUM 2
FILUM 1
FILUM 3
C n Nuwe spesie wyk uit die tak af wat tot
Filum 1 lei. Hierdie spesie is suksesvol, dit
diversifiseer en word Filum 2.
C
D
B
B Dis die punt van AFWYKING waar n nuwe spesie
uit die voorouer ontwikkel het. (Let daarop dat
die voorouerlike familie voortbestaan )mag
moontlik self evolusionêre verandering ondergaan.
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VOOROUERS
A Onderaan die boom sien jy Voorouerlike
familie. Dit beteken dat al die taksonomiese
groepe (filums) bo die onderkant van die boom van
n gemeenskaplike voorouer afkomstig is.
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Classification of Animals
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Porifera 700mya Cnidaria 700 mya Platyhelminthes 550 mya Annelida 700 mya Arthropoda Chordata
Symmetry ASYMMETRICAL sessile RADIAL BILATERAL BILATERAL BILATERAL BILATERAL
Tissue layers NONE But multi- cellular (2 layers of cells t not a tissue) TWO diploblastic THREE Triploblastic THREE Triploblastic THREE Triploblastic THREE Triploblastic
Coelom Only a central cavity No, only a coelenteron Absent acoelomatic present present present
Through-gut No gut No through gut one mouth opening No gut present present present
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Porifera 700 mjg Cnidaria 700 mjg Platyhelminthes 550 mjg Annelida 700 mjg Arthropoda 570mjg Chordata
Simmetrie ASYIMMETRIES sessiel RADIAAL BILATERAAL BILATERAAL BILATERAAL BILATERAAL
Weefsellae GEEN multi- sellulêr (2 sellae geen weefsels) TWEE diploblasties THREE Triploblasties THREE Triploblasties THREE Triploblasties THREE Triploblasties
Seloom/ rompholte Slegs sentrale holte Nee, slegs n selenteron Afwesig a Ja Ja Ja
Deurlopende SVK Nee Nee Enkele mondopening Nee Ja Ja Ja
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Porifera

• SEESPONSE

• SEA SPONGES

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Kenmerke van Porifera

• alle sponse leef in water
• groei aanhoudend
• asimmetries
• groot kolonies individuele
• selle
• werk as n eenheid saam
• op sellulêre organisasievlak
• sessiele diere
• filtreervoeders

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Spicules (crystals) that form skeleton of sponges
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Holtediere
Hollow bodies
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Characteristics of Cnidaria

• lives in water
• diploblastic
• soft-bodied (hydrostatic skeleton)
• true tissues - no organs
• acoelomatic
• radial symmetrical
• all carnivores
• contain nematocysts
• have coelenteron/enteron
• mouth is only opening

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Bloublasie
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Platyhelminthes
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Eienskappe van Platyhelminthes

• plat wurms
• sagte liggame (hidrostatiese skelet)
• leef in water
• bilaterale simmetrie
• baie is parasiete
• konsentrasie van senuwees in voorpunt van
  liggaam
• triploblasties
• acoelomaties
• nie deurlopende dermkanaal

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Planaria

• Free-living flatwurm
• Do not live in hosts
• Contain concentration of nerve material at the
  front
• Have eyespots to distinquish between light and
  dark

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Liggaamslae van Planaria
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Life cycle of the tapeworm
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Bilharzia
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Annelida
Gesegmenteerde wurms
Segmented worms
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Eienskappe van Annelida

• gesegmenteerde wurms
• leef in vogtige habitats
• bilaterale simmetrie
• besit n seloom
• deurdermkanaal bestaan uit verskillende dele
• besit goed ontwikkelde stelsels
• triploblasties

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Examples of Annelida
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Nematoda
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Arthropoda
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Arthropoda

• Kenmerke van Arthropoda
• grootste groep van diere
• triploblasties
• bilateraal simmetries
• deurdermkanaal
• besit eksoskelet
• meeste ondergaan metamorfose
• liggaam gesegmenteerd
• liggaam verdeel in streke
• besit gelede aanhangsels

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Class Insecta

• Characteristics of Insecta
• Three pairs of legs
• Head, thorax and abdomen
• One pair of antennae
• Two compound eyes
• Three simple eyes
• Body is segmented

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Phylum ArthropodaClass Insecta
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Phylum ArtropodaClass Crustacea
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Klas Crustacea

• Kenmerke van Crustacea
• Kopborsstuk en agterlyf
• Twee paar gelede spriete
• Een paar saamgestelde oë
• Asemhaling deur kieue
• Vyf paar pote

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Class Arachnida
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Klas Arachnida

• Kenmerke van Arachnida
• Kopborsstuk en abdomen
• Geen spriete
• Vier paar pote
• Asemhaling deur boeklonge
• Slegs enkelvoudige oë

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Housefly (insect) Vector of cholera

• Proboscis of the housefly used to suck up moist
  food
• Symptoms of cholera
• diarrhea
• vomiting
• muscle cramps
• dehydration
• intense thirst
• cold skin
• kidney failure

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Tsetsevlieg Draer van slaapsiekte

• Dra die patogene oor tussen mens en beeste
• Slaapsiekte veroorsaak
• koors
• swakheid
• slapeloosheid in die nag
• Hoofpyn
• lomerigheid
• kan tot die dood lei

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Tick Vector of tick-biting fever

• Symptoms
• muscle or joint ache
• stiff neck
• headache
• weakness
• fever
• swollen lymph nodes
• flu-like symptoms

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Muskiet Draer van malaria

• Simptome van malaria
• hoofpyn
• spierpyn
• moegheid
• naarheid
• diarree

Wyfie Anopheles
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Malaria life cycle
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Phylum Chordata (met notochord)
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Chordata

• Kenmerke van Chordata
• triploblasties
• seloom teenwoordig
• bilateraal simmetries
• goed ontwikkelde stelsels
• besit n endoskelet
• dorsaal geleë staaf bindweefsel (notochord) -
  werwelkolom
• sentrale senuweestelsel

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Phylum ChordataSub-Phylum VertebrataSuper
Class Pisces

• Class Chondrichthyes

• Class Osteichthyes

Benige skelet
Kraakbeenskelet
Dermal scales, streamlined body, lay eggs,
external fertilization, ectothermic
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Sub-Phylum VertebrataCLASS AMPHIBIA
Thin moist skin for breathing, lay
eggs, Ectothermic, external fertilization,
metamorphosis
Frogs
Salamander (mud puppy) Not in SA
Toads
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Klas Reptilia
Ectothermic, epidermal scales, lay eggs or
ovoviviparous, Internal fertilization, lungs for
breathing
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Class Aves
Feathers for flight, forelimbs adapted to wings,
beaks of horn endothermic, lay eggs, scales on
feet
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Klas Mammalia
Hairy bodies, mammary glands, endothermic, pinnae
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Echinodermata
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Invertebrates in ecosystems

• Plant grazers

• Decomposition and recycling

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Invertebrata in die landbou

• Grondbemesting

• Grondbelugting

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Plaagbestryding

• Skilpadbesie vreet plantluise

• Mantis vreet sprinkaan

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Nuttige Insekte

• By bestuif blom

• Vlinder bestuif Rooidisa

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Marketable Products

• Mopane worms

• Mussels

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Bedrywe

• Wild

• Perlemoen

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Animal group (phylum) FEATURES FEATURES FEATURES FEATURES FEATURES
Animal group (phylum) EXAMPLES SYMMETRY NUMBER OF TISSUE LAYERS PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF COELOM THROUGH GUT AND OTHER FEATURES
PORIFERA Sponges Asymmetrical Only cell differentiation acoelomate No through gut, filter feeding
CNIDARIA Jellyfish, bluebottle, coral, sea anemone Radial diploblastic acoelomate Single opening to GIC. Sting cells for killing prey
PLATYHEL MINTHES Bilharzia, Worm, tapeworm bilateral triploblastic acoelomate Single opening to gut
ANNELIDA Eartworm, leech bilateral triploblastic coelomate Through gut
ARTHROPODA Fly, crab, scorpion, millepede bilateral triploblastic coelomate Through gut, exoskeleton of chitin
CHORDATA Barbel, frog, snake, eagle, donkey bilateral triploblastic coelomate Through gut, internal skeleton made of bone and cartilage
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Dieregroep (Filum) KENMERKE / EIENSKAPPE KENMERKE / EIENSKAPPE KENMERKE / EIENSKAPPE KENMERKE / EIENSKAPPE KENMERKE / EIENSKAPPE
Dieregroep (Filum) VOORBEELDE SIMMETRIE AANTAL WEEFSELLAE AAN-/AFWESIGHEID VAN SELOOM DEURLOPENDE SVK EN ANDER EIENSKAPPE
PORIFERA Sponse Assimetries Slegs seldifferensia- sie acoelomaat Geen deurlopende SVK, filtervoeders
CNIDARIA Jellievis, bloublasie, koraal, see-anemoon Radiaal diploblasties acoelomaat Enkele opening tot SVK. Netelselle om prooi te dood
PLATYHEL MINTHES Bilharzia, Wurm, lintwurm bilateraal triploblasties acoelomaat Enkele opening tot SVK
ANNELIDA Erdwurm, bloedwurm bilateraal triploblasties coelomaat Deurlopende SVK
ARTHROPODA Vlieg, krap, skerpioen, duisendpoot bilateraal triploblasties coelomaat Deurlopende SVK Eksoskelet van chitien
CHORDATA Baber, padda, slang, arend, donkie bilateraal triploblasties coelomaat Deurlopende SVK, skelet van been en kraakbeen
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Animal group (phylum) BODY PLAN
PORIFERA asymmetrical, no tissues and no coelom simple but highly specialized for filter-feeding
CNIDARIA Radially symmetrical, two tissue layers (diploblastic) no coelom single opening to the gastrointestinal cavity. Simple, but possess highly specialized nematocysts.
PLATYHEL MINTHES Bilaterally symmetrical, three tissue layers (triploblastic) no coelom (acoelomate) and a single opening to the gut.
ANNELIDA Bilaterally symmetrical, three tissue layers, a coelom, a through-gut.
ARTHROPODA Bilaterally symmetrical, three tissue layers, coelom, through-gut, an exoskeleton made of chitin
CHORDATA Bilaterally symmetrical, three tissue layers, coelom, through-gut. Internal skeleton (endoskeleton)made of cartilage and bone.  
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Dieregroep (Filum) LIGGAAMSPLAN
PORIFERA Assimetries, Slegs seldifferensiasie acoelomaat Geen deurlopende SVK, filtervoeders
CNIDARIA Radiaal simmetries diploblasties acoelomaat Enkele opening tot SVK. Netelselle om prooi te dood
PLATYHEL MINTHES Bilateraal simmetries 3 weefsellae( triploblasties) geen seloom (acoelomaat) enkele opening na SVK.
ANNELIDA Bilateraal simmetries 3 weefsellae( triploblasties) n seloom (coelomaat) deurlopende SVK. .
ARTHROPODA Bilateraal simmetries 3 weefsellae( triploblasties) n seloom (coelomaat) deurlopende SVK eksoskelet van chitien
CHORDATA Bilateraal simmetries 3 weefsellae( triploblasties) n seloom (coelomaat) deurlopende SVK endoskelet van been en kraakbeen.