PREGNANCY; GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

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PREGNANCY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
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FERTILIZATION
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• SPERM SECONDARY OOCYTE ? ZYGOTE
• 38 WEEKS
• GROWTH
• DEVELOPMENT
• PRENATAL
• POSTNATAL
• FERTILIZATION UTERINE TUBE
• PREGNANCY UTERUS 3 TRIMESTERS

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• PROSTAGLANDINS CAUSE SPERM TAIL TO CONTRACT
• UTERINE TUBE AND UTERUS CONTRACT AIDS SPERM TO
  EGG
• ESTROGEN CAUSES EARLY UTERUS TO SECRETE A WATERY
  FLUID ??
• OF 200-600 SPERM ONLY A FEW HUNDRED REACH THE EGG

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FERTILIZATION

• BINDS TO ZONA PELLUCIDA
• ACROSOME RELEASES ENZYMES
• HYALURONIDASE
• ONE SPERM ENTERS AND LYSOSOMES HARDEN ZONA
  PELLUCIDA
• SPEERM NUCLEUS ENTERS SECONDARY OOCYTE
• UNEVEN CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION MEIOSIS COMPLETED
• 2 PRONUCLEI THEN MERGE FERTILIZATION ZYGOTE

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PRENATAL PERIOD

• 38 WEEKS
• CLEAVAGE 30 HOURS AFTER FERTILIZATION
• CELLS DIVIDE DONT GROW ?
• CELLS BLASTOMERES
• CLEAVAGE EMBRYO
• MOVING DOWN UTERINE TUBE 3 DAYS HOW?
• NUTRIENTS ?
• SOLID BALL MORULA 16 CELLS
• FLOATS AROUND UTERUS 3 DAYS
• BLASTOCYST LOSES ZONA PELUCIDA, HOLLOWS OUT
• DROPS INTO ONE OF TUBULES
• PLURIPOTENT CELLS ?
• DIFFERENTIATES INNER CELL MASS EMBRYO PROPER
• WALL TROPHOBLAST ASSISTING STRUCTURES
• IMPLANTATION TAKES 1 WEEK
• PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES
• UTERINE LINING DEVELOPS
• hCG RELEASED PROTECTS AGINST IMMINE SYSTEM
  KEEPS CL ACTIVE STIMULATES PLACENTA TO PRODUCE
  HOIMONES

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HORMONAL CHANGES

• hCG
• PREVENT SPONTANEOUS ABORTION MAINTAINS CL SO
  STILL PRODUCES ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE ??
• INHIBITS FSH AND LH SECRETION
• WORKS FOR 2 MONTHS/ DECLINES
• PLACENTA TAKES OVER PRODUCTION OF ESTROGEN AND
  PROGESTERONE
• PLACENTAL LACTOGEN BREAST DEVELOPMENT PREPARE
  MAMMARY GLANDS
• RELAXIN FROM CL AND PLACENTAL PROGESTERONE
  INHIBIT UTERINE MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• ALSO RELAXES PUBIS AND SACROILIAC JOINT DURING
  LAST WEEK

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• PLACENTAL ESTROGEN ENLARGES VAGINA
• INCREASED ALDOSTERONE REATINS SODIUM FLUID
  RETENTION
• PTH HELPS MAINTAIN HIGH MATERNAL BLOOD CALCIUM

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CHANGES

• UTERUS ENLARGES ??
• INCREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT, BLOOD VOLUME, BREATHING
  RATE, URINE PRODUCTION ??
• EAT MORE MAY SHOW DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

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EMBRYONIC STAGE

• 2ND WEEK ? 8 WEEK
• AMNIOTIC CAVITY FORMS
• EMBRYONIC DISC FORMS LAYERS
• ECTODERM AND ENDODERM, THEN MESODERM
• PRIMARY GERM LAYERS
• GASTRULA
• CONNECTING STALK
• GASTRULATION
• ENDODERM EPITHELIAL
• ENDODERM EPITHEILIAL
• MESODERM CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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• ECTODERM NERVOUS SYSTEM, SENSE ORGANS, EPIDERMIS
  AND STRUCTURES, LININGS MOUTH, ANAL
• MESODERM MUSCLE, BONE, MARROW, BLOOD AND
  VESSELS, LYMPHATIC TISSUE, INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE
  ORGANS, KIDNEYS, MESOTHELIUM OF CAVITIES
• ENDODERM EPITHELIAL LININGS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM,
  RESPIRATORY TRACT, URINARY SYSTEM,

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• CHORIONIC VILLI ??
• BECOMES MORE HUMAN LIKE
• PLACENTAL MEMBRANE
• CHORIONIC MEMBRANE EPITHELIUM AND EPITHELIUM OF
  CAPILLARIES
• TO ENDOTHELIUM OF UTERUS
• DIFFUSION ??
• AMNIOTIC SAC AND AMNIOTIC FLUID FORM ??
• UMBILICAL CORD FORMS
• 2 ARTERIES VEIN
• CHORION AND AMNION FUSE
• YOLK SAC FORMS BLOOD CELLS, SEX STEM CELLS

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• ALLANTOSIS FORMS FROM YOLK SAC TO STALK
• FORMS BLOOD CELLS
• FORMS UMBILICAL VESSELS
• AFTER 8 WEEKS FETUS

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FETAL STAGE

• 8 WEEKS TO BIRTH
• MATURES/DEVELOPS
• SKIN SEBUM AND DEAD CELLS
• SKELETON OSSIFIES
• MUSCLES CONTRACT FAT LAYERS DEVELOP
• 9 MONTHS 266 DAYS FULL TERM
• 50 CM 2.7-3.6 Kg
• REPOSITIONS WITH HEAD DOWN

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FETAL CIRCULATION

• UMBILICAL VEINS
• HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN FETAL HEMOGLOBIN
  HIGHER AFFINITY
• MOST BYPASSES LIVER DUCTUS VENOSUS
• FROM RIGHT ATRIUM TO LEFT FORAMEN OVALE
• PARTIALLY BYPASSES LUNGS DUCTUS ARTERIOSIS
• UMBILICAL ARTERIES

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BIRTH

• 38 WEEKS
• PLACENTAL PROGESTERONE ??
• DECREASE PROGESTERONE, RELEASE OF PROSTAGLANDINS
  STARTS LABOR
• POSTERIOR PITUITARY RELEASES OXYTOCIN ??
• UTERINE MUSCLES CONTRACT
• POSITIVE FEEDBACK STRONGER CONTRACTIONS, MORE
  OXYTOCI
• AFTERBIRTHN

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MILK PRODUCTION

• DURING PREGNANCY
• ESTROGEN CAUSES DUCTS TO DEVELOP
• PROGESTERONE DEVELOPS ALVEOLAR GLNADS
• PROGESTERONE INHIBITS PROLACTIN
• AFTER BIRTH
• PROLACTIN NOT INHIBITED
• MAMMARY GLANDS SECRETE MILK
• SUCKLING RELEASES OXYTOCIN ALVEOLAR GLANDS
  RELEASE MILK
• POSITIVE FEEDBACK
• SLIGHT INHIBITION OF REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE

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POSTNATAL PERIOD

• NEONATAL
• BIRTH 4 WEEKS
• BODILY FUNCTIONS ON OWN
• SURFACTANT REDUCES SURFACE TENSION OF LUNGS
• LIVER DOESNT SUPPLY MUCH GLUCOSE USES FAT
• KIDNEYS IMMATURE DEHYDRATION, ELECTROLYTE
  IMBALANCE
• BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION MAY TAKE TIME
• UMBILICAL VESELS CONSTRICT, DUCTUS VENOSUS
  CONSTRICTS, FORAMEN OVALE CLOSES, DUCTUS
  ARTEIOSUS CONSTRICTS

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INFANCY

• 4TH WEEK TO 1 YEAR
• RAPID GROWTH
• MATURATION AND COORDINATION
• COMMUNICATION
• DEPENDS ON PROPER NUTRITION

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CHILDHOOD

• 1ST YEAR TO PUBERTY
• PRIMARY TEETH ? SECONDARY TEETH
• RAPID GROWTH, MATURATION AND COORDINATION
  CONTROL OF BLADDER AND BOWELS

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ADOLESCENCE

• PUBERTY TO ADULTHOOD
• PREPARATION FOR REPRODUCTION
• FEMALES DEVELOP FIRST
• HIGH LEVEL MOTOR SKILLS, INTELLIGENCE INCREASES,
  EMOTIONS MATURE

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ADULTHOOD

• ADOLESCENCE TO OLD AGE
• UNCHANGED FOR YEARS
• 30 DEGENERATION BEGINS
• SKELETAL MUSCLES LOSE STRENGTH
• CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM LESS EFFICIENT
• SKIN LESS ELASTIC
• SEX CELL DEVELOPMENT DECLINES

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SENESCENCE

• GROWING OLD
• DEGENERATION CONTINUES
• FROM PROLONGED USE, DISEASE AND CELLULAR CHANGE
• LOSS OF SOME INTELLECTUAL ABILITY, SENSORY
  FUNCTIONS, LESS COORDINATION PHYSIOLOGICALLY

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DEATH

• USUALLY FROM DISTURBANCE TO CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
  OR DISEASE OF VITAL ORGANS
• PREACTIVE DYING 3 MONTHS, WITHDRAWS SOCIALLY,
  APPETITE WANES
• ACTIVE DYING 2 WEEKS RESTS, CONFUSED, EATS
  LITTLE, ORGAN SYSTEM SHUT DOWN, SKIN MOTTLING,
  CONGESTION, LOUD BREATHING

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PASSIVE AGING

• BREAKDOWN OF STRUCTURES, SLOWING OF FUNCTIONS
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE BREAKDOWN
• DNA ERRORS BUILD UP
• LIPDS ? LIPOFUSCHIN
• DAMAGE FROM FREE RADICALS

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ACTIVE AGING

• AUTOIMMUNITY DEVELOPS
• APOPTOSIS

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HUMAN LIFE SPAN

• 120 YEARS
• US
• MALE 75.4
• FEMALE 83.2
• MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY FUTURE??????????