Community Ecology

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Community Ecology -- Interspecific Interactions
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Interspecific Interactions
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Commensalism
A knifes edge
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Interspecific Interactions
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Mutualism
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Mutualism
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Mutualism
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Interspecific Interactions
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/ - more than just predation

• Species 1 / Species 2 Interaction
• / 0 Commensalism
• / Mutualism
• / Parasitism (particularly w/o host death)
• / Herbivory (eating of parts of plant)
• / Parasitoidism (host killed by larvae)
• / Predation (prey killed by predator)

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Defense against / or /

• Secondary compounds (plants)
• Nutritional deficiencies (plants)
• Mechanical defenses (plants)
• Production of poisons (animals)
• Mechanical defenses (animals)
• Running away hiding (animals)
• Fighting back (mostly animals)
• Cryptic coloration (mostly animals)
• Batesian mimicry (animals)
• Müllerian mimicry (animals)
• Immune systems (animals)

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Nutrient Deficiencies (plants)
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Mechanical Deficiencies (plants)
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Production of Poisons
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Mechanical Defenses (animals)
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Running Away and Hiding
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Fighting Back
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Cryptic Coloration
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Cryptic Coloration
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Coevolution

• Coevolution represents the evolutionary
  modification of organisms in response to other
  organisms, particularly when two organisms are
  mutually modified in response to modifications
  displayed by the other.
• "Despite the problems in assessing cause and
  effect in the evolution of complex ecological
  relationships, biologists agree that the
  adaptation of organisms to other species in a
  community is a fundamental characteristic of
  life. Put another way, interactions of species in
  ecological time often translate into adaptations
  over evolutionary time.
• Strictly, coevolutionary relations may be limited
  to interactions between two species rather than
  modifications that affect a suite of species for
  example, an ability to run faster in order to
  escape predators is not quite the same thing as
  an ability to run faster in order to escape one
  predator species (which, if it wants a meal,
  would then be exposed to selection to run even
  faster).
• This narrowing limits the applicability of the
  idea of coevolution since it creates a criteria
  that is stricter then simply more effectively
  interacting with other species in terms of
  survival and reproduction.

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Parasite-Host Coevolution
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Aposematic (warning) Coloration
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Aposematic (warning) Coloration
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Batesian Mimicry
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Müllerian Mimicry
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Interspecific Interactions
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Defense against /

• Interference Competition
• Fighting back
• Running away
• Avoidance
• Losing
• Exploitative Competition
• Competitive exclusion
• Resource partitioning
• Character displacement
• Fundamental vs. Realized Niche

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Competitive Exclusion
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Resource Partitioning
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Character Displacement
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Fundamental Realized Niches
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Fundamental Realized Niches
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Interspecific Interactions
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Food Chains
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Marsh Food Web
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Field Food Web
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Soil Food Web
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Aquatic Food Web
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Keystone Species
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Keystone Species
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Ecological Succession
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Interspecific Interactions
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Ecological Succession
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Primary Succession-Volcano
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Primary Succession-Moraine
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Primary Succession Morain
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Secondary Succession

• Alders Cottonwoods are better competitors when
  N concentrations are lower

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Dryas!
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Alder!
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World's Largest Sitka Spruce!
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Another Big Sitka Spruce
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Yet Another Big Sitka Spruce
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Canadian Hemlocks!
Climax Species from Heck!
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Island Biogeography
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Interspecific Interactions
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Island Biogeography
http//www.ent.orst.edu/jepsonp/2000lecture6/2000l
ecture6.PPT
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Island Species Richness
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OK, Let's Go Get Our Feet Wet!
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Link to Next Presentation
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Acknowledgements
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin
Cummings
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Species Richness
http//biosci.usc.edu/courses/2002-fall/documents/
bisc121-fuhrman_ch53.ppt