Chapter 4: Society

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Chapter 4 Society

• Bell Work
• Get Folders and books
• In folders Draw a line and right Chapter 4
• Task 1
• Define what you think society is
• Then Read Page 92 -93
• Read up to Hunting/Gathering Societies

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Society

• What is society?
• Group of people who interact in a defined
  territory and share a culture
• We will look at four important views explaining
  the nature of human societies

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Gerhard Lenski

• Focus is on Sociocultural Evolution
• Changes that occur as a society acquires new
  technology
• The more technological info a society has, the
  faster it will change
• Identifies 5 types of societies based on their
  level of technology

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Reading Activity

• Get with 9 oclock partner
• Read/Answer section assigned to you
• 10 minutes
• Share with class your findings

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Hunting and Gathering Based on surroundings

• Use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather
  vegetation.
• Food production is relatively inefficient
• Historical Period
• Only type until about 12,000 years ago (few
  remain)
• Prod. Technology
• Primitive weapons/tools
• Pop. Size
• 25-40 people relatively small and scattered

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Hunting and Gathering

• Settlement Patterns
• Scattered, often nomadic (follows food)
• Social Organization
• Family Centered, specialization limited to
  age/sex
• Little social inequality very egalitarian
• Examples
• Bushmen of S.W. Africa
• Aborigines of Australia
• Kaska Indians of Canada

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Horticultural and Pastoral

• Historical Period
• From 12,000 years ago to 3000 B.C
• Productive Technology
• Horticultural Use of hand tools to cultivating
  plants
• Pastoral Domestication of animals
• Population Size
• Up to several hundred in a settlement
• Connect up to a thousand thru trading ties

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Horticultural and Pastoral

• Settlement Patterns
• Horticulturists small permanent settlements
• Pastoral Nomadic
• Social Organization
• Family Centered Religious system developing
• Moderate Specialization (farmers, herders, etc)
• Increased social inequality
• Examples
• Middle Eastern societies up to 5000 BC
• Various societies today in New Guinea and Pacific
  Islands

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Agrarian Based on Agriculture

• Historical Period
• Started about 5,000 years ago
• Dwindling numbers today
• Productive Technology
• Animal Drawn Plow
• Initiated Civilization invented Wheel, writing,
  numbers.
• Population Size
• Millions
• Settlement Patterns
• Cities common, but only contain small portion
• Social Organization
• Family importance lessens Religious, economic,
  political systems emerge
• Extensive Specialization increased
  social-inequality
• Examples Egypt during pyramids, Medieval Europe

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Industrial Based on Industrialism

• Historical Period
• 1750 to present
• Productive Technology
• Advanced sources of energy to power large
  machinery increased goods production
• Water and steam power to operate mills/factories
• Population Size
• Millions of people

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Industrial

• Settlement Patterns
• Various cities contain most of population
• Social Organization
• Highly Specialized social inequality up then
  down
• Distinct religious, political, economic,
  educational, and family systems
• Eroded many traditional values, beliefs, and
  customs
• Examples
• Most societies today in Europe, N. America,
  Australia, and Japan

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Post-Industrial Based on Info Tech.

• Historical Period
• Emerging in recent decades
• Productive Technology
• Computers that support an info based economy
• Industrial Production declines info processing
  w/ computers increases and changes job structure
• Population Size
• Millions of people

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Post-Industrial

• Settlement Patterns
• Remains concentrated in cities
• Social Organization
• Similar to Industrial but info processing and
  service industry replacing industrial production
• Examples
• High Functioning Industrial societies now
  entering this.

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Limits of Technology

• Expanding Technology can help solve many social
  problems
• Also creates new (often harder) problems as it
  remedies old ones
• Increases specialization and social inequality

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Lesson Closing

• Work on project stuff, ask questions!!!

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Bell Work

• Complete In the Times pg. 96 in folders
• Task 2
• Answer these questions as task 3
• What were the 5 types of sociology based on
  Technology by Lenski?
• Hunting Gathering- hunters/gatherers
• Horticultural/ Pastoral- Growing plants/domestic
  animals
• Agrarian- Farming
• Industrial- Machinery to power large factories
• Post-industrial- Information age

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Karl Marx Society and Conflict

• Focus
• Stressed Social Conflict Struggle b.t. parts of
  society over valued resourcesmostly class
  conflict
• Society and Production
• Divided society in two Capitalists/ Proletariats
• Capitalists (Profit oriented)
• People who owned factories and other productive
  enterprises
• Proletariat
• People who provided the labor for those
  factories/enterprises
• Believed in capitalistic society conflict b.t
  these two was inevitable.

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Society and Production

• All societies were made up of Social institutions
• Major spheres of social life (subsystems) meant
  to meet human needs
• Believed the Economy to be the infrastructure
  that all social institutions were based
• Modern societies economies reinforced
  capitalistic domination
• Basis Materialism
• That production of material goods shapes all of
  society
• False Consciousness blaming individual over
  society

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Conflict and History

• Early hunting/gathering societies were equal
• Movement towards industrial capitalism led to
  increase in social inequality
• Blame on the bourgeoisie class (capitalists)
• As well as an increase in the proletariat
• What do you think his main vision was?
• Class uprising by the proletariat!!

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Lesson Closing

• Read Post Industrial Workplace
• Answer Questions in Journals as Task 4
• Look at Superstructure Diagram pg. 101
• Do you agree/disagree w/ Marx?
• Read pgs. 102-104 Capitalism up to Weber
• Work on any part of projects
• Ask Questions

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Bell Work Get books/folders

• What is the Focus of Karl Marx?
• Stressed Social Conflict
• What did he divide society into?
• Capitalists
• Proletariats
• Explain each division
• Capitalists owners of factories
• Proletariats providers of labor
• What is the infrastructure of all social
  institutions?
• Economy
• What is the basis of his view or shaper of
  society?
• Materialism

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Capitalism and Class Conflict

• Two major classes
• Rulers capitalists
• Oppressed proletariat
• Class conflict Inevitable in Marxs view
• Antagonism (hostility) b.t. classes over
  distribution of wealth in society

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Capitalism and Class Conflict

• How will conflict occur?
• Proletariat must reach class consciousness
• Recognition of their class unity against
  capitalism
• WORKERS UNITE!!!
• Organize and rise in revolution w/ numbers
• Nature of capitalists will resist unity

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Capitalism and Alienation

• Marx believed that capitalism promoted Alienation
• Experience of isolation from feeling powerless
• 4 Ways Capitalism does this! (Think Rundown)
• Alienation from the act of working
• Alienation from the products of work
• Alienation from other workers
• Alienation from human potential

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REVOLUTION

• Certainty that eventually a socialist revolution
  would overthrow the capitalist system!!

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Lesson Closing

• Anomie (loss/erosion of norms/values)
• Society is failing to give moral guidance to
  individuals
• Read rest of Marx vs. Durkheim Supplemental
  lecture
• Answer questions in folder as Task 5
• Then Read What is Marxism
• Task 6 Summarize the articles key points of
  what Marxism is and look up/define two words you
  didnt know/understand

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Bell Work

• Get books/folders
• What are the 5 types of societies by Lenski?
• Hunter/Gatherer, Pastoral/Horticultural,
  Agrarian, Industrial, Post-industrial
• What did Marx belief to be the foundation of a
  society?
• Economy
• What was Marxs main focus?
• Social conflict based on Materialism
• What is Lenskis main focus?
• Society changes occur as technology is developed

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Max Weber Rationalization of society

• Direct Contrast to Marx
• Reflected more of an idealistic perspective that
  human ideas shape society
• Ideal types
• Abstract statements of the essential
  characteristics of any social phenomenon
• I.E. Hunter/Gatherer, pre/post industrial
  societies

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Max Weber Rationalization of society

• Two world views
• Classified according to the way people think
  about their world
• Members of pre-industrial societies are bound by
  Tradition
• Sentiments/beliefs passed from generation to
  generation.
• People are guided by past, and what is
  right/wrong by what they have accepted for a long
  time
• Members of post-industrial societies are guided
  by Rationality
• Deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the
  most efficient means to accomplish something
• Tradition become just one type of the info
  calculated

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Max Weber Rationalization of society

• Rationalization of society
• Historical change from tradition to rationality
  as the main mode of human thought
• Evidenced by the Industrial revolution and
  capitalism
• Look at pg. 106 caption
• This willingness to adopt new technology is a
  strong indicator of how rationalized a society is.

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Max Weber Rationalization of society

• Is capitalism Rational?
• Considered capitalism the essence of rationality
• Weber vs. Marx
• Weber believed it to be rational Marx not.
• Why?
• Marx thought it didnt mean the greater good
• Weber thought it so b/c people used
  rationalization to make money in any possible way

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Lesson Closing

• Task 6 Answer Questions 1-8 on pg. 114
• Go over with 5 Min.s left

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Bell Work

• Grab books/folders
• Get article from back
• Go over answers from 1-8 on pg. 114
• Finish Weber

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Protestants and Capitalism

• Webers Great Thesis
• Traced roots of modern rationality (and
  capitalism) to Calvinist Protestantism
• Preached predestination and notion that success
  in ones calling testified to ones place among
  the saved
• Working hard and being successful heaven
• Showed ability of ideas to shape society

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7 Characteristics of Rational Social Organization

• Distinctive social institutions
• These are rational strategies to meet human needs
  efficiently
• Large-Scale Organizations
• Show rational strategies of making larger
  decisions. Church, government, etc.
• Specialized Tasks
• Not seen in traditional societies.
• Personal Discipline
• Modern societies value this. Encouragement of
  achievement/success show rationality in business

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7 Characteristics of Rational Social Organization

• Awareness of time
• Summed up in Time is money
• Technical Competence
• Rationality judges people on what they are.
• Basis on education, skills, and abilities
• Sports saying If youre not getting better
  youre getting worse
• Impersonality
• Rational societies use competence for hiring,
  creating an impersonal interaction
• Concern more over tasks/skills than people
  themselves

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Rationality and Bureaucracy

• Bureaucracy
• Large, rational organizations
• Growth of Rational bureaucracies was key in
  origin of modern society
• Bureacracy is similar to capitalism
• Everything wants to be done w/ as much
  speed/efficiency as possible

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Rationality and Alienation

• Agreed w/ Marx in that modern society generated
  dehumanization and alienation
• Reasoning was different though!!
• Marx believed it caused by inequality
• Weber believed it to be caused by the countless
  rules and regulations of bureaucracy.

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Lesson Closing

• Task 7 Read article and answer ?s to it in
  your folder
• Look at Caption on left of pg. 208 realize what
  it portrays
• How many times have you heard a govt. official or
  someone say.. Its not personal, its policy, or
  business?
• Task 8Answer Your Turn on pg. 108

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Bell Work

• Get books/Folders
• Ready for notes right away
• RIGHT MEOW!!

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Durkheim Society and Function

• Viewed Social facts as a focus for looking a
  society. Believed them rooted in society and not
  just individual experiences
• Patterns of human behavior (norms, values,
  beliefs)
• Function Society as a system
• Idea that social facts help society function as a
  whole system not just individual existence
• Read section over this (pg. 109)

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Durkheim Society and Function

• Personality
• People build personalities by internalizing
  social facts
• How we think, act, and feel is a product from the
  society that nurtures us.
• Modernality and Anomie
• He recognized the advantages of modern day
  freedoms but warned of Anomie
• Condition in which society provide little moral
  guidance.
• Read Section (pg. 110) and think of a current
  example that proves to this!!
• Miley Cyrus!?!?

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Durkheim Society and Function

• Evolving Societies
• Believed in different reasons than Marx/Weber for
  cause of Rapid social change (Ind. Rev.)
• Key
• Expanding Division of Labor Specialized economic
  activity
• Traditional Societies
• Strong collective conscience or Mechanical
  solidarity
• Social bonds, based on shared values, strong
  among members
• Modern Societies
• Mech. Solidarity becomes weaker
• Organic Solidarity social bonds based on
  specialization, becomes stronger
• People become less moral conscious and more
  Interdependent

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Four Visions of Society

• What holds them together?
• Lenski United through a shared culture, but
  lessens as technology develops
• Marx No real unity but more social class
  conflict
• Only true unity if production becomes a
  cooperation
• Weber Tradition joined them in past, now it is
  rational large-scale organizations
• Durkheim Unity through solidarity, mechanical of
  past and organic today ( morals vs.
  specialization)

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How do they change?

• Lenski
• Based in terms of changing tech. and production
  power
• Marx
• Based on production power that brings class
  conflict into open
• Weber
• Occurs b/c people change the way they view the
  world. From traditional (morals) to rational.
• Durkheim
• Changes in solidarity, from mechanical (likeness,
  morals) to organic (specialization)

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Why have they changed?

• Lenski
• Social change through technological innovation
• Marx
• Class struggles push for change
• Weber
• Ideas push for change (Calvinism)
• Durkheim
• Division of labor pushes change

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Lesson Closing

• Read Applying Soc. Box (pg. 112
• Answer ?s in folder
• Test on Wednesday
• Review tomorrow