The History of Medicine

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The History of Medicine
How did we get where we are today?
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Part 1 - Introduction
ANCIENT TIMES
People believed that diseases and illnesses were
caused by
demons and evil spirits.
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ANCIENT TIMES
People also believed that treatments were
directed toward
eliminating evil spirits.
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Part 2 - History of Health Care
4000 BC - PRIMITIVE TIMES
Herb and plants were used as medicines. Do you
know which ones are still used today?
Morphine for pain and digitalis for the heart.
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4000 BC - PRIMITIVE TIMES
Trepanation was the treatment for insanity,
epilepsy and headache.
That means boring a hole in the skull.
20 years.
Average Life Span.
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3000 BC Ancient Egyptians
Called upon the gods to heal them when disease
occurred.
Therefore, physicians were priests who studied
medicine and surgery in temple medical schools.
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3000 BC Ancient Egyptians
Earliest people known to keep accurate medical
records.
The first physician may have been Imhotep.
Magic and medicinal plants were used to treat
disease.
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3000 BC Ancient Egyptians
Believed the body was a system of channels for
air, tears, blood, urine, sperm, and feces.
If a channel became clogged, bloodletting or
leeches were used to open them.
Average life span
20 to 30 years.
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1700 BC ANCIENT CHINESE
Believed in the need to treat the whole body by
curing the spirit and nourishing the body.
Carefully monitored the pulse to determine the
condition of the body.
Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based
mainly on the use of herbs.
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1700 BC ANCIENT CHINESE
Used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion.
Used moxibustion to treat disease.
Began to search for medical reasons for illness.
Average life span was
20 to 30 years.
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1200 BC ANCIENT GREEKS
Began modern medical science by observing human
body and effects of disease.
Believed illness was a result of natural causes.
Stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent
disease.
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1200 BC ANCIENT GREEKS
Used therapies that are still used today
massage
art therapy
herbal treatment
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1200 BC ANCIENT GREEKS
Important People
Alcmaeon
Biochemist that identified the brain as the
physiological site of the senses.
Dissected animals and is called the founder of
comparative anatomy.
Aristotle
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1200 BC ANCIENT GREEKS
Hippocrates
Important People
Called the Father of Medicine
Developed an organizational method to observe the
human body
Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases
Created a high standard of ethics, the Oath of
Hippocrates, used by physicians today
Average life span was
25 to 35 years.
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753 BC410 AD ANCIENT ROMANS
First to organize medical care by providing care
for injured soldiers.
Early hospitals developed when physicians cared
for ill people in rooms in their homes.
Later hospitals were religious and charitable
institutions housed in monasteries and convents.
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753BC 410 AD ANCIENT ROMANS
Began public health and sanitation systems
Aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities
Sewers to carry waste material away from the
cities
Filtering systems in public baths to prevent
disease
Drained marshes to reduce the incidence of malaria
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753 BC410 ADANCIENT ROMANS
Claudius Galen
Important People
Physician who established many beliefs.
Body regulated by 4 fluids or humors blood,
phlegm, black bile, yellow bile
Imbalance in the humors resulted in illness
Dissected animals and determined function of
muscles, kidney and bladder
Studied infectious diseases and described
symptoms of inflammation
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753 BC410 AD ANCIENT ROMANS
Diseases were treated with diet, exercise, and
medications.
Average life span was
25 to 35 years.
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DARK AGES 400 800 AD
The study of medicine was prohibited, emphasis
was on saving the soul.
Illnesses and diseases were treated by prayer and
divine intervention.
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures.
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DARK AGES 400 800 AD
Monks and priests provided custodial care for
sick people.
Average life span was
20 to 30 years.
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MIDDLE AGES - 800 1400 AD
Interest in the medical practice of Greeks and
Romans was renewed.
Physicians began to obtain knowledge at medical
universities in the 9th century
Major diseases were smallpox, diphtheria,
tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria.
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MIDDLE AGES - 800 1400 AD
A pandemic of the bubonic plague killed ¾ of the
population of Europe and Asia.
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MIDDLE AGES - 800 1400 AD
Arab physicians used their knowledge of chemistry
to advance pharmacology.
Arabs began requiring that physicians pass
examinations and obtain licenses.
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MIDDLE AGES - 800 1400 AD
Rhazes
Important People
Arab physician that became known as the Arab
Hippocrates
Based diagnoses on observations of the signs and
symptoms of disease
910 AD developed criteria for distinguishing
between smallpox and measles
Suggested blood was the cause of many infectious
diseases
Began the use of animal gut for suture material
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MIDDLE AGES - 800 1400 AD
Important People
Avenzoar
Physician who described the parasite causing
scabies in the 12th century
Average life span was
20 to 35 years.
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RENAISSANCE 1350-1650 AD
Rebirth of the science of medicine
Dissection of the body began to allow a better
understanding of anatomy and physiology
Artists Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci used
dissection in order to draw the human body more
realistically
Development of the printing press allowed
knowledge to be spread to others
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RENAISSANCE 1350-1650 AD
Rebirth of the science of medicine
Firsts!
First chairs (positions of authority) of medicine
created at Oxford and Cambridge in England in 1440
First anatomy book published by Andreas Vesalius
First book on dietetics written by Issac Judaeus
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RENAISSANCE 1350-1650 AD
Rebirth of the science of medicine
Average life span was
30 to 40 years.
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16th and 17th CENTURIES
Causes of disease were still not known and many
people died from infections and puerperal
(childbirth) fever
Scientific societies, such as the Royal Society
of London, were established
Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made,
prescribed, and sold medications
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16th and 17th CENTURIES
Ambrose Pare
Important People
French surgeon who became known as the Father of
Modern Surgery
Established the use of ligatures to bind arteries
and stop bleeding
Eliminated the use of boiling oil to cauterize
wounds
Improved treatment of fractures and promoted the
use of artificial limbs
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16th and 17th CENTURIES
Important People
Anton van Leewenhoek
Invented the microscope in 1666
Average life span was
35 to 40 years.
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18th CENTURY
Important People
Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury
thermometer in 1714
John Hunter
English surgeon who established scientific
surgical procedures
Benjamin Franklin invented the bifocals for
glasses
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18th CENTURY
Important People
James Lind prescribed lime juice containing
vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795
Edward Jenner developed a vaccination for
smallpox in 1796
Average life expectancy was
40 to 50 years.
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19th CENTURY
Important People
James Blundell performed the first blood
transfusion in 1818.
Rene Laennec invented the first stethoscope in
1819.
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19th CENTURY
Important People
Florence Nightingale was the Founder of Modern
Nursing.
Established efficient and sanitary nursing units
during the Crimean war in 1854
Opened Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at
St. Thomas Hospital In London in 1860
Began the professional education of nurses
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19th CENTURY
Important People
Ignaz Semmelweis, in the 1840s, encouraged
physicians to wash hands with lime after
performing autopsies and before delivering babies
to prevent puerperal (childbirth) fever. (This
idea was resisted by hospital and medical
personnel)
Elizabeth Blackwell became the first female
physician in the US in 1849
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19th CENTURY
Important People
Dorothea Dix was appointed Superintendent of
Female Nurses of the Army in 1861
Joseph Lister started using disinfectants and
antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection
in 1865
Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in
1881 (International Red Cross was founded in 1863)
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19th CENTURY
Important People
Louis Pasteur contributed many discoveries to
the practice of medicine
Proved the microorganisms cause disease
Pasteurized milk to kill bacteria
Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885
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19th CENTURY
Important People
Gregory Mendel established principles of heredity
and dominant/recessive patterns
Robert Koch, called the Father of Microbiology,
developed the culture plate method to identify
pathogens and isolated the bacteria causing
tuberculosis.
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19th CENTURY
Important People
Dimitri Ivanofski discovered viruses in 1892
Lillian Wald established the Henry Street
Settlement in New York City in 1893 (the start of
public health nursing)
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Important People
19th CENTURY
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered Roentgenograms
(X-rays) in 1895
Almroth Wright developed vaccine for typhoid
fever in 1897
40 to 60 years.
Average life span was
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20th CENTURY
Important People
Walter Reed demonstrated that mosquitoes carry
yellow fever in 1900
Carl Landsteiner classified the ABO blood groups
in 1901
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Important People
20th CENTURY
Dr. Elie Metchnikoff identified how white blood
cells protect against disease
Marie Curie isolated radium in 1910
Sigmund Freuds studies formed the basis for
psychology and psychiatry
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Important People
20th CENTURY
Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered and
used insulin to treat diabetes in 1922
Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in
1928
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20th CENTURY
Important People
Dr. George Papanicolaou developed the Pap test to
detect cervical cancer in females
The first kidney dialysis machine was developed
in 1944
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20th CENTURY
Important People
Frances Crick and James Watson described the
structure of DNA and how it carries genetic
information in 1953
The first heart-lung machine was used for
open-heart surgery in 1953
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20th CENTURY
Important People
Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine using dead
polio virus in 1952
Albert Sabin developed an oral live-virus polio
vaccine in the mid 1950s
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20th CENTURY
Important People
The first successful kidney transplant in humans
was performed by Joseph Murray in 1954
The first successful heart transplant was
performed by Christian Barnard in 1968
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20th CENTURY
Dr. Denton Cooley Implanted the first
artificial heart in 1969, at St. Lukes Hospital
in Houston, Texas

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20th CENTURY
Physicians used amniocentesis to diagnose
inherited diseases before birth in 1975
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan was
developed in 1975
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20th CENTURY
The first test tube baby, Louise Brown, was
born in England in 1978
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was
identified in 1981. (The Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) was identified in 1984.)
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20th CENTURY
Dr. William DeVries implanted the first permanent
artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, in 1982
Cyclosporine, a drug to suppress the immune
system after organ transplant, approved in 1983
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20th CENTURY
The first gene therapy to treat disease occurred
in 1990
A sheep was cloned in 1997
60 to 70 years.
Average life span was
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21st Century
What will the future hold?
Human genetic engineering?
Artificial Intelligence?
Cloning of body parts?
?????????
Average life span
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