The Special Theory of Relativity ?????

1
The Special Theory of Relativity?????

• Appendix A

2
1905 ?,????26????????????(Albert Einstein)???
??????????????????????????????????????????,???????
???????????,??????????(Relativity)????????????????
??????????????,???????????????????????????????,???
??????????????,?????????????????????,?????????????
?????????
????? (Special Relativity)
??????????????????????????????
3
? ???? (Frames of Reference) ??????????,???????
?????????????????
? ?????? (Inertial Frame of Reference)
????????????? ??????,????????,??????(?????????
?), ??????????(???? ??????,????,?????
????)
? ??????????????????????,????? (General
Relativity)????????????????
? ???????? (Postulates of Special Relativity)
a.?????????????????????????? b.
??????????????????????(?????) ?????? c
2.998 ? 108 m/s?
4
? ?????????? ??????????,?????????? v 2 ?
108 m/s ?????,???????????? c???????
???????????? (3 ? 2) ? 108 m/s?
????? ??????????????????,????????
???????????
? ??????????,?????????????????????
???,?????????
5
????????universal ?????
????
????????????? S (x, y, z, t),???????????????? S?
(x?, y?, z?, t?),??? (t t? 0)??????????,??S?
???S???? v ???
6
????? (Galilean Transformation)
????????,??????????? (t t?),??
x? x ? v t y? y
z? z t t?
??????????
????????
???????????,???????????,??????????????,??? c?
c ? v,?????????????????,????????????
7
?????(Lorentz Transformation)
??????
y ? y z? z

???????,?????????? ????
?????? (Inverse Lorentz Transformation)

y y?
z z?
????????,?????????? ????
8
? ??????? (Relativistic Velocity Transformation)



??????? c c? ????
? ??? (Simultaneity) ??????,?????????
x1 ? x2 ?? ( t1 t2 to ) ?
?,????????????,????????????? ( t1? ? t2?
)???,??????????????
9
????(Ether)?????
? ???????? (The Michelson?Morley Experiment)
1887?? Case School of Applied Science
(Ohio, USA),?? 1907 Nobel Prize?
????????????,?????????????????? ???
(Ether)?,??????????,??????????????????????????????
???????(??????????)???,??????????,????????????????
????????????????????,?????????,???????????????????
??????,???????,??????(???)???????
10
? ?????? ???????? (Half-silvered mirror)
??????,?? ????????? (Hypothetical ether
current) ???????????? ??,??????????????????????
???????? ?,???????????? (Viewing
screen)???????? (Glass plate)
??????????????????????????????
????????,???????????,?????????????
???,???????????,?????????????????,
???????????????????????????
? ??????????? 90?,???????????????????
?,???????????????,???????????????

• ?? (?) ????????,?????????,??????????
• ???
• (?) ????????,????????

11
???? (Time Dilation)
???????????,???????????,?????????????????,??????
to(Proper Time)???????????,?????????? v
?????????????? t (t gt to)?
???,? (????) v/c ? (?????)
to ??????????????? ???? t
???????????????? v ???????? c ???
? ??t ???to,?????????? ?????????????(? ???)?
12
??????????????????????????????? to
???????????????????,??????????
to/2Lo/c
to 2Lo/c
13
?????????????????,?????????, ???????????
14
? ????????????,???????????,????? ???????
3601 ?,??????????????????
to 3600 s
t 3601 s
15
? ????? ????????????,????????????????,??? ????
?????????????????,??????????? ???????? ??
?????????????
? ??????? t1?t2 ..???????,?????????????
16
???? (Length Contraction)
??????????????,???????????????? L0,?????? (proper
length)??????????? v ??????,???????? L?

17
? ?????0.998 c???????????,??????????
?????(muon),???? e? ?e???,??? m? 207me,
?????2.2 ?s??????????????????????? ???10
Km,????????????? ????
???????????,???????L,L lt L0?
?????????????Lo
18
??????? (Twin Paradox)
? ????????????????????????,????????
????????????????
? ?? ????????????????
????????,??????? ??????????????,?
??????????????
? ?? ????????????,??????????,??????
??????,????????????????,??????
??????????,?????????
19
???? (Relativistic Momentum)
???? p
???,m ????? (proper mass or rest
mass),?????????? ????????????????????????
???? ????????????(????v)???,????

?????? F
(? m v)
20
(??????)
(???)
(????)
21
????? (Mass and Energy)
? ?? (Kinetic Energy) KE ? m c2 ? mc2 (?
? 1)mc2 ? ??? (Total Energy) E ? m c2 m c2
KE, ? ???? (Rest Energy) E0 mc2 , E E0
KE? ? ?????? ??????????????,????????
? ??????????????????? 1.4 kW,????????,??????????
??????? ???????????? 1.5 ? 1011 m?
22
? ??????????????????? 1.4 kW,????????,??????????
??????? ???????????? 1.5 ? 1011 m?
?????????????????????????
????????4.61026 J ???,??????????????
23
????? (Energy and Momentum)
? ???????
, ?????
,?????????????? E 2 (m c 2) 2 p2
c2
? ???????????? ??,?????????????????? ? (????
photon)?
? ?????? (m 0) E pc ?
? ???? (Electronvolts) ???????? 1 eV
(1.602 ? 10 ?19 C)(1.000 V) 1.602 ? 10 ?19 J
1 MeV 106 eV 1 GeV
109 eV
24
? ? ??? (m0 0.511 MeV/c2) ??????? 2.000
MeV/c?? ?,???????????
(a)
(b)