PIA 2528

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PIA 2528

• Local Government, Governance and Civil Society

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Local Governance A Cultural Perspective

• A Palolem local government meeting in East India

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Governance, an Overview of Issues

• Basic Terms The Environment of Development
  (Review)
• Governance
• Manner in which the state is created, modified or
  overthrown
• Local Government
• Primary unit of government that has both
  political leadership and bureaucratic structures
• Civil Society
• Associations and organizations that are beyond
  the clan and the family and short of the state
  (does not include state organs or for profit
  sector)

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Institutional Legacy- Discussion Samuel P.
Huntington(1927-2008) Culture Matters?
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The Institutions Debate Huntingtons Regions
-Culture vs. Rationality
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Institutional Legacy

• The cultural organization contrasts the
  contemporary world with the classical notion of
  sovereign states. To understand current and
  future conflict, cultural rifts must be
  understood, and culture rather than the State
  must be accepted as the locus of war.

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Gender Representation Government of New Zealand
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The Nature of Local Government

• Part of the Institutional State
• Based on Devolution of Authority
• Culture defines Participation
• Links Governance to Civil Society

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Indonesia
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Forms of Local Government

• Concept Transfer of authority to a lower level
  of government
• Role of intermediate Government (s)
• Primary Unit of Government Lowest level that
  carries a bureaucracy with it

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Commonwealth Provincial Governance
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Functions of Urban Local Governance A South
African View
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Historical Legacy

• Imperial and Colonial Impact The Dilemma of the
  Local State
• The Best Predictor of Institutions
• Try to Diagram the colonial structure for your
  part of the world and be prepared to discuss next
  week.
• Issue Land Based vs. Sea Based Empires

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Imperial Germany (Russia, Austria, Turkey)
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The Imperial Model
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French Colonial System
French National Assembly (Nominal African Reps)
Ministry of Overseas Affairs
Governor-General (West Africa-Dakar)
Governor (Guinea- Conakry)
Commandant
District Chief
Sub-Chief
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The French Empire and Culture North America,
Caribbean, Africa and Asia
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British Colonial System
Parliament (No Rep.)
Secretary of State for Colonies (Dominions) or
India
Governor / High Commissioner
Regional / Divisional Commissioner
District Commissioner
District Officer
Chief
Sub-Chief
Headman
Governor-General / High Commissioner with
Resident Commissioners in Bechuanaland,
Basutoland and Swaziland under Dominions Office
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The British Image
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Reformed British Administration
Prime Minister (UK)
Colonial Office
London
Parliament
Dar es Salaam
EXECO
LEGCO
Governor / Governor Secretary
Secretariat
MED
WORKS
EDUC
AGRIC
Kilimanjaro Province
PEO
Provincial Commissioner
DEO
Para-Chief
District Commissioner
Moshi
Sub-Chief
Headmen
SAA MOJA Village
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Traditional Administration Governance
Traditional Systems Parallel Rule
National Systems
Paramount Chief (King)
Advisors (Native Councils)
Sub-Chiefs
Village Meeting Place
Headmen
Judicial System
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The Dilemma of Traditional Local Governance
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Traditional Administration Governance
Traditional Systems Parallel Rule
Imperial Systems
King
Kings Representative
Chief
Inner Council
Outer Council
Meeting Place
Judicial System
Kings Representative
Sub-Chief
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Traditional Administration Governance
Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule

• Assimilation replacement of traditional
  authorities by soldiers
• Chief as government official
• Façade of Direct Rule
• Grassroots similarity

• Indirect Rule and Tribal Administration
• Legal / Rational Model
• Modification of Tradition
• Training of tribal administrator
• Inherited vs. Age Grade Systems
• Nature of traditional Civil Society

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Mini-Discussion

• How Does One Create Local Government Out of this?

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Historical Legacy

1. General Patterns Linked to Cultural
   Sub-Nationalism
2. Unique Cultural Patterns Differ from Region to
   Region (eg. Middle East Religious Parallel
   Governance Organizations
3. What are the Universals of Local Governance

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Coffee Break

• Fifteen Minutes

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The Nature of the Municipality

• The Primary Unit of Government
• Anglo-American- Town separate from country
  (County)
• Continental Europe- Integration of Town and
  County
• One of these two patterns exported overseas

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Danish Local Government

• 1. Amtman- Danish Prefect (Royal, Simbolic)
• 2. Amt- Provinces- Higher Services (Hospitals,
  Higher Schools and Colleges\
• 3. Commune- Urban and Rural smaller services-
  Primary Education, Markets
• 4. Provincial and Local Government Associations
  (System Support)

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Accountability in New Zealand
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What Local Government Does- Basic Services

• Primary Roads
• Water
• Waste Removal
• Primary Education
• Basic Health
• Basic Energy Supplies
• Markets
• Parking

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Lord Mayors Tradition
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U.K. System
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Models of Local Government

1. Strong Mayor
2. Strong Council- Executive Committee with Chair
   and Department Heads
3. City Manager (Town Clerk) System with appointed
   departments

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City Manager System
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Services Depend Upon-

1. Fiscal/budget allocation- taxes, user fees and
   transfers
2. Planning- strategic priorities
3. Managing- implementation
4. Personnel- Access to skilled professionals (Power
   to Hire and Fire)
5. Community Trust
6. Social Cohesion

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Rainbow Nation- 1
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Rainbow Nation- 2
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Review Distinctions

• Local state vs. Local Government
• Functional vs. Territorial Control
• Devolution- Urban vs. Rural
• Subsidiarity-
• higher units should not do what can be done by
  lower units

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Myth of the Panchayat?
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Has local Government Failed?

• Implementation and Administrative Problems
• Skills Shortages
• Absence of Revenue
• The Need for Institutional Training
• International Donors and the Training Agenda

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Implementation Rube Goldberg
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Has local Government Failed?

• Failure to make a Needs Assessment
• Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Mode of
  Thought
• Local Government- Urban vs. Rural Needs
• Functions as Local State

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Local Government and Development?

• How Developmental Is Local Government?
• We Need Assess Local Government Comparatively in
  light of Case Histories Readings.

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Decentralization Issues

• 1. Democracy and decentralization
• 2. Critiques of indirect Democracy
• 3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs
  dangerous?)
• 4. Decentralization and ethnic and regional
  conflict- the dangers of decentralization

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Decentralization and Foreign Aid
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Decentralization Issues

• 5. The dichotomy Communal/municipal models vs.
  urban/rural governance towns and counties.
  Problem of urban bias
• 6. Decentralization as a failure-Issues
• a. financial limitations
• b. local government staff "bush postings.
• c. community distrust

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Specialized Developmental Functions

• Planning and Land Use Patterns
• Issues- Ownership and distribution.
• Land- its use and access to water. At the core
  of grass roots development in the rural areas

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Regional Planning for agriculture, forestry,
recreation , land use, waterfowl, ungulates and
sport fish capability (Canada)
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Books of the Week

• The Comedians by
• Graham Greene (top)
• Things Fall Apart
• Chinua Achebe (bottom)

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Geographical Patterns The Institutional Legacy
(Readings)

• Break into Regional Groups for Fifteen Minutes
• Identify FOUR regional patterns of
  Institutionalized Governance, Local Governance
  and Civil Society
• Identify the (reading) source of pattern

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Summary Discussion

• What if anything have we learned about
  Governance, Local Government and Civil Society?