Millipore Lab Water Division

1
????????

• ?????????

???
Millipore
2
lt ???? gt

• ??????????.
• 1.???? 2. ?????? 3. ??????? 4.
  ???????(??)
• ??????????????.
• 1. µS/cm 2. MOcm 3. TOC 4. CFU/ml 5.
  EU/ml
• ?????????
• . ??/???/??/???/???/????/??????/????.
• ???????????????

3
????????????
??? ???
Na Cl
Ca
HCO
-
-

-
???? ????? ????
(??) ??? (???),
2
3
???? ?????

???/??? ???/???
H H H-C-C-OH H H
-
????????? (Small Non-deformable
solids with a net negative charge)
??/?? /??
(polyliposaccharide of Gram
negative bacterial cell wall)
4
????????? , ???
???
???
-
-
-
CO
3
......
SiO
4
5
??????
PHENOLS
TANNINS
HUMIC ACIDS
FOLIC ACIDS
LIGNIN
PYROGENS
6
???????
CHCl
3
CCl
4
INSECTICIDES
HERBICIDES
ORGANOCHLORINE
PHTALATES
PCB
PAH
7
?? ? ??
?? , ?? , ?? , ??
???????? , ????? ???? Colloids
8
Bacteria ??
Staphylococcus Aureus Serratia Marcescens
9
Gases
Oxygen ??
Nitrogen ??
Radon ?
Carbon Dioxyde ????
10
????????????
11
??????
?? , ??? ??? , ??? ?? , ?? ??? , ?? ??
SALTS
ORGANICS
PARTICLES / COLLOIDS
MICROORGANISMS
DISSOLVED GASES
12
??? Biofilms?

• Biofilm????????????????????????.
• ?? ??, ??????????, ???????????
• ?????????????? Biofilm

???????, ?????????????????, ??????????,
?????,?????????????????.
13
??(Biofilm) ?????
???????????
??? ??????? (Glycocalyx)
10 um
3 um
lt??????????????, ???????gt
14
??(Biofilm)?????
???????????(wetting material) ?, ??????????????.
????????????, ?????????????
15
??(Biofilm)???????
??
?????
?????
???(endotoxin)
16
???????????

• ???
• ??????
• ???????
• ???
• ???/???
• ????
• ???????
• ???
• ????????(EDI)
• ????
• UV (185nm) ???????

17
???

• ????????
• ?????
• ?????(??)
• ???? - ????
• ???? - ????

18
???

• ?????
• ????
• Cotton Fibers
• Glass Fibers
• Polypropylene
• Nylon Filaments
• Sand Grains
• ?????
• Nominal
• ????
• 0.5-1000um
• ????
• 10-30mm

30um ??????1500X ??
19
???

• ?????
• ????
• Nylon
• P.V.D.F. ( Durapore )
• P.T.F.E.(Teflon)
• Cellulose Esters
• ?????
• ????
• ????
• 0.1 to 10 um
• ??(??)??
• 150um?

???????2000????0.22 Durapore????.


???ATTC???? Pseudomonas Diminuta?????? 0.22um
Durapore??????????.
20
Millipak 40 Today
Total Membrane Surface 200 cm2
21
???

• ????
• ????
• ????
• ?????????
• ?????????????????
• ?????????? / ????
• ????
• ??????
• ?????
• ?????????????
• ??????????

22
??????

• ??????
• ???
• ??
• ??
• ?? / ?????
• ??????
• ?????
• ????

????????????????/???,????????,????????? ??????????
1000 m /gram
2
23
???????
?????
24
Progard Cartridge Element Granular Activated
Carbon
DESCRIPTION Small beads of activated
carbon with 20 Angstrom typical pore size.
Developed surface around 1000 m2 / gram.
PURPOSE Reduce oxydants (Chlorine) which might
damage the RO cartridge.
25
?? \ ???????
26
?????????
27
??"
???????
Ca 2 Cl-
Mg 2 Cl-
Na
Na
R
R
Na
Na
R
R
Ca
R
R
R
R
Mg
4 Na 4 Cl-
??"
28
????????
?????????
Na
Na
R
R
Na
Cl-
Na
Na
R
R
Ca
R
R
???? NaCl
Mg
R
R
Mg 2 CL-
Ca 2 Cl-
???Na Cl-
???????????
??????????????
29
?????? ???? ---???
CaCO3
Ca CO3
(S)
_
CO3
CO3
Ca
CO3
CO3
_
???
30
Reverse Osmosis ?????

• ???????,????????????????
• ????(Microfiltration, ??MF),
• ????? (Ultrafiltration, ??UF),
• ????? (Reverse Osmosis, ?? RO) ?
• ????? (Nanofiltration, ?? NF)

???????????(RO and NF) ????????1500 daltons
????????(???)???? ???????????????????,?UF
??????????????RO ??NF ????????????????????????????
?????? NF ??RO ????,??????????????????????????400
daltons ???????
31
?????
???????? ??? (?????)
?? (?????)

?????????? ????
32
??????????
????
???????? ??? (???????)
?? (???????)
(????????????) ?????? ???????????? ???,????????
33
?-???? Reverse - Osmosis
????
??
????? ????? ???
????? (????)
??
??????????? ????,???????
??
????????????
34
??? RO Tangential Flow
? ?
????
? ?
? ?
35
????????
???/??
?????
Recovery 10 - 50 of Feed Water
???
Performance
95 -
99 Rejection of Inorganic Ions
99 Rejection of Organics
gt 100 Dalton
99 Rejection of Particles and Microorganisms Good
Broad Pretreatment Alternative to Distillation.
36
RiOs 5 ????
37
?????????
38
???????
?????????????????????? ?? ?????????,
?????????, ????????? ?????,
??? ????.
???? ???
39
????????????
???????
_
_




R - SO H Na R -
SO Na H
3
3

• ????????
• Methyl Red (???)
• Bromophenol Blue (???)

H O
2
_
_
_
_
R - NH OH Cl R - NH
Cl OH
4
4
???????
40
????????? ??\???????
?????????
VS


Na Cl
Na Cl
Na Cl-
-
-
????????
???????
???????
R-H
R-H
R-OH-
R-OH-
R-Na
R-Cl-
R-Na
R-Cl-
Na OH
H Cl


H OH- H2O
-
-
???? 18.2 Megohm.cm ????
41
????????????(EDI) Electrochemical
Regeneration of Ion Exchange Resins
?????????? (NaCl)
A
C
A
C
Na
Cl-
OH-
Na
H
Cl-
???
???
_

H
H
Cl-
Na
OH-
OH-
OH-
H
H
H
OH-
OH-
????
?????
A -?????? C - ??????
42
Ultrafiltration ???

• ???????,????????????????
• ????(Microfiltration, ??MF),
• ????? (Ultrafiltration, ??UF),
• ????? (Reverse Osmosis, ?? RO) ?
• ????? (Nanofiltration, ?? NF)

????? (UF) ???????????????????????????????????????
, ????????????????????,1,000 ?1,000,000
?????????????,???????????? UF ???????????????????
??????? 1. ??????????????????(depyrogenated)??
?(clarified)???, 2. ??????????????,???????????,
???????????????
43
Ultrafiltration cartridge
Hollow Fiber Cartridge Inlet Housing Fibers
Drain Potting Outlet
ABS Housing NaOH compatible
SEM of Hollow Fiber UF Water flow from outside
to inside The fibers are bent and assembled in a
housing with a potting at the bottom.
LRVgt4 ( Log reduction value ) (Challenge Range
from 442Eu/ml to 44,200Eu/ml) Strict Quality
Control Testings
44
Ultrafiltration

• Ultrafilters are asymmetric membranes, sometimes
  composite
• Under pressure,small size molecules go through
  the membrane,whereas molecules larger then the
  NMWL(Norsk MaltWhiskyLag ) are retained

Organics with MW gt NMWL Rejection gt 99
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SEM of Ultrafiltration Capillary Fiber
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Ultrafiltration
SEM of 100,000 NMWL Ultrafiltration Membrane
2,000X Magnification
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Endotoxin
Gram negative cell wall
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Hollow Fiber UF Membrane Structure
Thin layer of tight UF membrane Porous
support structure in the middle Thin layer of
UF (less tight) Flow Direction
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BioPak - Materials
UF Hollow Fibers (500013,000 NMWL) Polysulfone
Potting Polyurethane
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BioPak How it works
Cut Off (NMWL) 13,000 Dalton
0.5 mm
0.8 mm
Fibers Surface 2170 cm²
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BioPak Size Connections
Inlet Connection ¼  Gaz (Straight) Luer Slip F
Venting Port 1/8 Gaz
124 mm
Outlet Connection Hose Barb 6 mm
45 mm
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UV (ultraviolet) ?????? ,
????????????????? , 1. UV?????????? , ??
260nm ???????????????. 2. ?? , ??????? uv
?????????? .
?????
????
??/???
???????
53
??? UV???????? 185 ? 254 nm???? , ?????????? , ??
185 nm ????????? 1.185 nm ???????? O3???? ,
????????????? , ????????????? 2. 254 nm
????????? , ???DNA???????? , ?????????DNA?? Thym
ine dimer . ?????? ??,????????? .
54
??????????
1.5 O2
UV at
185 nm
O3
UV at
254 nm
H2O
UV at
O2 O.
254 nm
H2O
H2O2 O2
UV at
UV at
254 nm
254 nm
2 OH. ?????
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???????????
UV
CH3OH 2 OH. HCHO 2 H2O

(??)
HCHO 2 OH. HCOOH H2O
(??)
HCOOH 2 OH. CO2(aq) 2 H2O
CO2 H2O H2CO3 HCO3- H
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Simplicity 185 UV Lamp
UV ?? ( ? ) ???????
Stainless Steel Housing , with a UV lamp, inside
a quartz sleeve , easy to replace Feed water
from the bottom, to avoid trapping air
bubbles. 185 254 nm wavelengths.
Drawing by J.F. Pilette
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UV ?? ( ? ) ?????????
??????UV??????? , ?????E.Coli(????)?????(1,000
CFU/ ml) ?????????????19??? , ????19??????????1000
µW/cm2???????(E. Coli)??99.9 ????? , ?? 7,000
µW.sec / cm2 ??????? , ???????????
7,000 / 1000 7 ?? ???????(Bacillus Subtilis)
58,000 / 1000 58 ?? (lt 1 ??).
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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TOC Monitoring
UV ?? ( ? ) ???????
61
?????
???
???
????Milli-Q
???
??
18.2 Megohm.cm??????????????????1 ppb ??
62
??????(1)

• ????????, ?????. ???18.2 Megohm.cm
  ??????,???????, ??????4Mohm.cm, pH ???5.7??,
  ???????????????? (??????,??????????????????????).
• ????????????????.

63
????????????????????
??
????????
??
CO2 H2O H2CO3 H2CO3 H
HCO3- HCO3- H CO3-
??????
???
??
?????
??????
???
64
?????????????????????
1.????????????? H 2 x 10-6 ? pH
5.7 2.????????????,????????? 4 ??.
65
??????(2)

• ??????????????????, ???????????.
• 18.2 Megohm.cm??????????????????1 ppb ??,
  ???????????????.
• ???????????, ????????.
• ????, ??????????????????????, ???????????????,????
  National Committee of Clinics and Laboratory
  Standards ???????????? 10 ppb,??????????????????
  .

66
????????(??) ????,??Milli-Q????, ?????????????.
20
1200
18
1000
16
800
????
14
600
????, megohm-cm
???
???(TOC), ppb
12
400
10
200
8
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
?????? (??)
67
??????(3)

• ????????????(Biofilm)???, ????????,??????????,????
  ????????.
• ???????????ASTM???Type 1???????(lt1cfu/ml)??,??????
  (????Rnase)???,???????????????????..

68
????????????
???????????
??,????????biofilm, ??????,??????,????????
69
??????(4)

• ??????????????????????????????????.
• ???????? ppm?ppm??,?????????,??????,??Rinse????,??
  ???????????,?????????????,?????.

70
????????????????????lt HPLC ????? gt
Conditions Water samples 40ml trace enrichment _at_
2.0 ml/min Column C18 reversed phase
(Waters) Gradient linear 100 water to 100
acetonitrile Wavelength 254 nm
5
10
15
20
25
0
Minutes
71
?
???????????????(Studies made on several elements
by Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des systèmes
atmosphériques in Paris area - Mr J.P. Quisefit )
count
days
???????????????????(counts)
72
????????
???? ???
??? ????
??0.22um???????
0.055 us/cm 18.2Mohm.cm at 25 C
Ions ppt
(10-50 ng/L range)
3-20ug/L
lt 1cfu/ml
???
o
0.1-1.0 us/cm 1-10Mohm.cm Ions ppb
(ug/L range )
50-200ug/L
10-100cfu/ml
??? ??????
???
?????
100-2000us/cm
500 -7000ug/L 0.5 - 7 mg/L
lt100cfu/ml
N.A.
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ASTM ????
Type I Type II Type III

• ???? 18.0 1.0 4.0
• (Mohm-cm to 25oC)
• ????(TOC) (ppb) 100 50 200
• ??????(ppb) 1 5 10
• ?????? (ppb) 1 5 10
• ??????? (ppb) 3 3 500
• Type A Type B Type C
• ??????? (CFU) 10/1000 ml
  10/100 ml 100/10 ml
• ??? (Eu/ml) lt0.03
  lt0.25 N.A.

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NCCLS/CAP ????
Type I
Type II

• ?????????? 10
  1000
• ???????? (CFU/ml)
• ???????? 10 1.0
• (Mohm-cm _at_ 25 C)
• ???????? (mg/L SiO2) 0.05
  0.1
• ???? ???0.22um ? ? N.S.
• ????? ??????(1) N.S.

N.S. Not specified (1) Not required by
CAP Sources Preparation and Testing of Reagent
Water in the Clinical Laboratory, Second
Edition, NCCLS Document C3-A2, Vol. 11, No. 13,
August 1991. Reagent Water Specifications,
College of American Pathologists, 1985.
75
??????? ????????
76
???

• ????????????,???????????(??????)???,????????????,?
  ???????,?????????(water mist???????????????)?????
  ???,??????????
• ??,??????? (Pb?B?Zn) ,????????????????????????????
  ?,???????????????,???????????????,????????????????
  ???
• ??,?????????????????????????,????????????????????,
  ???????????
• ????????,??????????????????????????????????,??,???
  ????????????????(?????)??????,????????????????,???
  ?????????? SOP?

77
???????
?? ??
?????????????? ??????? ????????(water mist)???????????? ?????????????????? ?? , ??
78
????????
79
??????
??????,??????????,???????????? 10 MO?cm ?? 1.
?????? ????????,???????????,???????????,?????????
????????????????,???????????????????????,?????????
?? 2. ????? ??,??????????????,????????????????????
???????????? ??????????????????????,??????????????
????? (Fouling)?????????????????,?????????????,???
?????????????,????????????,???????????????????????
???????????????,????????????????3.
??????? ??????????(??)???????,????????????????,???
??????,???????????(??)????????,??????????????,????
?????????????????????????????,????????????????????
????????
80
??????????
?? ??
???????????? ?????,?????? ??(??)??????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????
81
?????????????? (??????vs.?? vs.???vs.EDI)
???? ???? ???MO?cm (25?) TOCppb ???
?????? ??????? 110 300600 ???(????????)
??? ??? 0.50.8 200300 ?
??? ????????? 110 150200 ?
??? ????????? 0.51 150200 ?
??????? ????(RO) 0.30.5 100150 ?
??????? RO??????? 110 150200 ?
EDI ???? ROEDI??????? 15 100 ???(???????)
82
Questions Suggestion
Thank you !!