Title: Egypt: Enviromental Case Study
1Egypt Enviromental Case Study
- Autumn Nicholson-Hector Fontanet-Joanna
Maier-Natasha Carlsen-Nina Jolani
POL 371 Environmental Policy
2Egypt an Introduction
- Information on the land of the Pharaohs and
Pyramids - Area 1,001, 449 square kilometers
- The Nile
- Population roughly 80,335,036
- Problems
- Divisions
- Environmental Role
3Environmental Issues
Within Egypt
- The principal concerns are
- water quality and quantity,
- rapid urban growth,
- air pollution,
- soil loss and
- the environmental consequences of tourism.
4Water Pollution Aswan High Dam and its Effect
- Majority of Egypts water is from the Nile River
- The Aswan High Dam has reduced the flow of the
Nile which causes the trapping of nutrient-rich
silt. This silt trapped by the damn once
fertilized the countrys farmland. - In order to make up for the loss of the
nutrient-rich silt, agricultures increase the
utilization of chemical fertilizers, adding to
water pollution - Also employ modern herbicides and pesticides to
increase crop production, which also add to the
pollution - With the Aswan High Dam reducing the flow of the
Nile River, the concentration of pollutants in
the remaining Nile River increases.
5Loss of Soil for Agricultural Land
- The Aswan High Dam, causes the year-round
irrigation of the little available soil to
accumulate with salt. - The water seized behind the Dam causes this, it
leads to the loss of some agricultural land. - Another cause of agricultural land loss is the
effect of urbanization from the large
populations. - Only 4 of land is suitable for agriculture.
- Soil fertility has continued to decline due to
over cultivation.
6- With 97 of Egypts land is classified as desert
land, - the land area in Egypt that is actually occupied
is only 5, - with less than 4 of the land being suitable for
agriculture. - Because such a small percentage of Egypts land
mass is habitable, population densities average
in some locations along the Nile River greater
than 1,000 people per square kilometer.
7Water Pollution Sewage Disposal
- Egypts highly population dense cities produce an
average of 3.0 million tons of solid waste per
year. In the rural areas although, - only 79 of the population have sufficient
sanitation disposal amenities available - the city of Cairo, with a population of 15
million people, has half of its raw sewage
carried to the sea in open sewers. - Approximately 100 of 120 towns in Egypt do not
have sewer systems present at all. - Even with the current sewer systems in Cairo,
they are sub-par. - In December of 1982, a large area of the city was
flooded with untreated waste and was unable to
temporarily provide tap water for about 10 of
its population due to the bursting of a sewer
main.
8Egypt Ranks 16th Worst Place in World Sanitation
Table
- Proper disposal of waste would help protect
people from diseases arising from water
contamination, such as typhoid, diarrhea, polio,
bilharzia and hepatitis C. - Twenty percent of global infant mortality is
accounted for by diarrhea, a problem in Egypt due
to contaminated water.
9Tourism Its downfalls
- The inadequately controlled erection of new
tourist centers and the waste disposal of such,
along the eastern coast have corrupted the water
quality of the Red Sea.
10Coast Line
- Along with the negative effect of tourism comes
the threat of damaging the delicate desert areas
and the marine corals along the coast. -
- The coast is also affected by the pollution of
oil, as the - nations beaches,
- coral reefs,
- and wildlife habitats are in jeopardy.
11Wildlife in Danger
- Less than 1 of Egypts total land area is
protected wildlife due to environmental issues. - In 2000, 15 of Egypt's 98 mammal species, 11
birds, 6 types of reptiles and 1 type of
amphibian were endangered. - About 59 of the nation's 2,076 plant species were
threatened with extinction. - Endangered species include the Sinai leopard,
northern bald ibis, and green sea turtle. The
Bubal hartebeest, Egyptian barbary sheep, and
Sahara oryx are extinct.
12Environmental Impact of the Transportation Sector
- Major contributor of Greenhouse gasses
- 31.6 million tons of CO2, representing nearly 26
of the energy-related CO2 emissions in Egypt - Great deal of smog on urban areas (i.e. Cairo)
- Growth of population, economy and pace of
urbanization - Growth greatly outpaced the capacity of the
public transportation system - Gap filled by the use of private cars and taxis
13(No Transcript)
14Causes of high emissions from the transportation
sector
- The average vehicle age is relatively old
- Vehicle age averages 10 yrs.
- Less efficient
- Less pollution controls
- Almost all trucks and buses use diesel fuel and
have old-generation diesel engines - EXTREMELY DIRTY!
- No Catalytic Converter or Diesel Particle Filter
(DPF)
15Components of Engine Emissions
- CO (Carbon Monoxide)-Directly linked to deaths
- NOx (NO and NO2)-Acid rain, smog
- HC (Hydrocarbons)-HCNOxground level Ozone
- SOx (SO2, SO3)-Acid rain
- PM (Particulate Matter)-Soot
- CO2(Carbon Dioxide)-Greenhouse gas
16Technology to clean emissions
- Vehicle emissions testing and tuning program
- Newer cars with EGR and Catalytic Convertors
- Newer Fleet Vehicles (Diesels) with DPF
- Using Alternative cleaner fuels
- CNG
- LPG
- Biodiesel
- Hydrogen
17Vehicle Emissions Testing and tuning program
- Started in Cairo and is progressively spreading
- Initially found that 34 of the cars registered
in Cairo did not pass emission standards - Forces cars to be kept under emission levels and
proper operating performance (efficiency)
18Alternative cleaner fuelsCNG (Compressed
Natural Gas)
- Reduce carbon monoxide emissions 90-97
- Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 25
- Reduce nitrogen oxide emissions 35-60
- Potentially reduce hydrocarbon emissions 50-75
- Emit fewer toxic and carcinogenic pollutants
- Emit little or no particulate matter
- Eliminate evaporative emissions
- Already produced in Egypt
19LNG (Liquid Natural Gas)
- Produce half the particulate matter of average
diesel vehicles - Significantly reduce carbon monoxide emissions
- Reduce nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon emissions
by 50 or more - Potentially reduce carbon dioxide emissions 25
depending on the source of the natural gas - Drastically reduce toxic and carcinogenic
pollutants - Increase methane emissions
20Biodiesel
- Produces half the particulate matter
- Produces half the carbon monoxide emission
- Produces less than half the hydrocarbons
- Produces about a 10 more NOx than Diesel
- Significant decrease in SO2 production
- No significant decrease in CO2 emissions
- Ease of application
21Hydrogen
- Extremely clean combustion
- Emits only H2O
- Costly to produce hydrogen
- Costly to implement technology
22Government help
- Vehicle Emissions Testing and tuning program
- The government introduced a smart card system
- a driver can convert their car for free to use
natural gas - used to buy natural gas at same price as
gasoline - natural gas costs about half as much as gasoline
- the difference would be used to pay for the
conversion - Government loans and incentives
23Energy Efficient Efforts in Egypt
- Load Shifting
- Energy Efficient Education and Market Support
- Industry Support
- Standards
- Building Codes
- Renewable Energy
- Cogeneration
24Load Shifting
- Utility billing for Electricity based on
- Energy Use
- Peak Demand (15-30min Intervals)
- Load Shifting reworking your load schedule to
run in off peak hours. - Saves reduces stress on the power grid
25Education and Market Support
- Lighting Incandescent to CFLs
- 18 lm/W vs 70 lm/W
- Lifetime 750 hrs vs. 10,000 hrs
- Promotion for local CFL manufacturing
- Energy Efficient Appliances
- Refrigerators
- Washing Machines
- A/C
26Market Support Cont.
- New Energy Efficient Building Codes
- Residential Sector
- Commercial Sector (Draft)
- Similar to US building codes based on ASHRAE 90.1
- Insulation
- Energy Efficient Windows
- Standards for Unconditioned buildings
27Renewable Energy
- Wind Farms
- Provide 600 MW of electric capacity
- Solar Thermal Energy
- Photovoltaic Water Pumping
28Cogeneration
- Cogeneration Combined Heat and Power
- Use steam created for manufacturing processes to
generate power or use waste heat generated from
power to create steam.
Steam to Power
Power to Steam
29Egypts Policy Efforts
President Hosni Mubarak
30Law 48 of 1982, Protection of Nile River
Pollution
- Historical Importance of the Nile
- Uniqueness of Law 48
- clearly defines what is considered a water
channel - special budget to be set aside that will help in
dealing with the consequences of disobeying the
law - Article 20 This law will be published in the
official newspaper and will be put into action
after 3 months from date of publication. This law
will be stamped by the official State stamp and
will be applicable as one of other laws
31Identifying the Issues and forming an Agency
- Egypts Environmental Issues
- Air Water Pollution
- The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
- Formulation
- Function
32Law 102 of 1983, Natural Protectorates and all
other Environmental Legislations
- A brief synopsis
- was written to protect bodies of surrounding
water from getting polluted because of cultural,
scientific, touristic or esthetic value. - lead in to the current articles that are
mentioned to protect bodies of water in Law 4.
33Law 4 of 1994
- Protection of Air Environment from Pollution
- Articles 34 to 39
- Article 34 any projects or urban plans must be
in compliance of the land use. It further
mentions that such criteria for determination of
land use may base off of wind direction and or
distance from habitation. - Article 35 reinstates all the establishments
under Annex (2) and specifically notes that there
must be an assessment of the environmental impact
of any activity that will take place. - Article 36 focuses on the limits of air
pollutants and the establishment of a limit
permitted by laws and decrees.
34Law 4 of 1994, Cont.
1. Vehicles currently in service
2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995
1. Vehicles currently in service
2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995
- Article 37 intent is to establish the limits for
engine and vehicle exhaust, the following
information from the original Law 4 document
helps to explain these limits - 1. Vehicles currently in service
-
- CARBON MONOXIDE
-
- 7 in volume at the speed of (600-900 R.P.M.)
-
- UNBURNED HYDROCARBONS
- 1000 parts in a million, at the speed of (600-900
R.P.M.) -
- SMOKES
- 65 degree of opacity or the equivalent in other
units, at minimum acceleration -
- 2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995
-
- CARBON MONOXIDE
- 4.5 in volume at the speed of (600-900 R.P.M.)
-
35Law 4 of 1994, Cont.
- Article 38 makes aware that it is prohibited to
treat or burn any materials or wastes near
habitations or waterways. Specific guidelines
have been set in accordance with this article, ex
That the place where the garbage is incinerated
stands at a minimum distance of 1.5 kilometers
from populated, industrial and downwind areas - Article 39 of the air pollution section
emphasizes on the specific cleanliness and steps
that collectors of garbage are to take in order
to prevent odors as well as attractions of flies
or other animals in certain areas.
36Law 4 of 1994, Cont.
- Protection of Water Environment from Pollution
- Articles 50-56
- Article 50 all ships that carry oil must report
if an oil spill occurs. The occurrence must
entail a description with all the information of
the oil spill incident. - Article 51 focuses on the proper equipments of
ports and the directions needed to dispose waste
and unclean ballast water. - Article 52 highlights the process of discharging
oil in accordance to offshore platforms. - Article 53 mentions that a guarantee certificate
must be presented when the tanker enters the
territorial seas - Article 54 begins the section 2 which is titled,
Pollution from Sewage and Garbage. It gives a
thorough procedure for the discharge of polluted
waste water from ships and offshore platforms. - Article 55 states that facilities must be
provide for ships to deposit waste and they must
regulate to on cleanliness and sterilization. - Article 56 is in accordance with the last
article and implies that the facilities must
ensure that such waste is not dispersed
37Egypts Environmental Policy Efforts
- On an
- International Level
38International Influences on Egyptian
Environmental Policy Actors
- IGOS / NGOs- act to enhance socio-economic
development, avert humanitarian crisis, and
address environmental concerns - Individual State Intervention- foreign aid often
is stipulated by rational self-interest. USAID
and CAID cite stability and security of the
region as the motivation for their sustainable
development programs.
39International Influence on Egyptian Environmental
Policy Incidents
- Coastal Marine-life demise
- Coral reef bleaching
- Loss of biodiversity
- Erosion
- Degradation of the Nile Basin
- causes erosion and pollution
- limited water/ less seasonal flooding
- partnership of the NBI
40International Influences on Egyptian
Environmental Policy Threats
- Climate Change refugees and IDPs
- Israels Dimona
- Reactor
41International Treaties or Conventions Ratified
or Signed
- 1935 Flora and Fauna
- May 9th 1988 Vienna Convention
- May 2nd 2003 Stockholm Convention
- Jan. 12th 2005 Kyoto Protocol