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Egypt: Enviromental Case Study

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Title: Egypt: Enviromental Case Study


1
Egypt Enviromental Case Study
  • Autumn Nicholson-Hector Fontanet-Joanna
    Maier-Natasha Carlsen-Nina Jolani

POL 371 Environmental Policy
2
Egypt an Introduction
  • Information on the land of the Pharaohs and
    Pyramids
  • Area 1,001, 449 square kilometers
  • The Nile
  • Population roughly 80,335,036
  • Problems
  • Divisions
  • Environmental Role

3
Environmental Issues
Within Egypt
  • The principal concerns are
  • water quality and quantity,
  • rapid urban growth,
  • air pollution,
  • soil loss and
  • the environmental consequences of tourism.

4
Water Pollution Aswan High Dam and its Effect
  • Majority of Egypts water is from the Nile River
  • The Aswan High Dam has reduced the flow of the
    Nile which causes the trapping of nutrient-rich
    silt. This silt trapped by the damn once
    fertilized the countrys farmland.
  • In order to make up for the loss of the
    nutrient-rich silt, agricultures increase the
    utilization of chemical fertilizers, adding to
    water pollution
  • Also employ modern herbicides and pesticides to
    increase crop production, which also add to the
    pollution
  • With the Aswan High Dam reducing the flow of the
    Nile River, the concentration of pollutants in
    the remaining Nile River increases.

5
Loss of Soil for Agricultural Land
  • The Aswan High Dam, causes the year-round
    irrigation of the little available soil to
    accumulate with salt.
  • The water seized behind the Dam causes this, it
    leads to the loss of some agricultural land.
  • Another cause of agricultural land loss is the
    effect of urbanization from the large
    populations.
  • Only 4 of land is suitable for agriculture.
  • Soil fertility has continued to decline due to
    over cultivation.

6
  • With 97 of Egypts land is classified as desert
    land,
  • the land area in Egypt that is actually occupied
    is only 5,
  • with less than 4 of the land being suitable for
    agriculture.
  • Because such a small percentage of Egypts land
    mass is habitable, population densities average
    in some locations along the Nile River greater
    than 1,000 people per square kilometer.

7
Water Pollution Sewage Disposal
  • Egypts highly population dense cities produce an
    average of 3.0 million tons of solid waste per
    year. In the rural areas although,
  • only 79 of the population have sufficient
    sanitation disposal amenities available
  • the city of Cairo, with a population of 15
    million people, has half of its raw sewage
    carried to the sea in open sewers.
  • Approximately 100 of 120 towns in Egypt do not
    have sewer systems present at all.
  • Even with the current sewer systems in Cairo,
    they are sub-par.
  • In December of 1982, a large area of the city was
    flooded with untreated waste and was unable to
    temporarily provide tap water for about 10 of
    its population due to the bursting of a sewer
    main.

8
Egypt Ranks 16th Worst Place in World Sanitation
Table
  • Proper disposal of waste would help protect
    people from diseases arising from water
    contamination, such as typhoid, diarrhea, polio,
    bilharzia and hepatitis C.
  • Twenty percent of global infant mortality is
    accounted for by diarrhea, a problem in Egypt due
    to contaminated water.

9
Tourism Its downfalls
  • The inadequately controlled erection of new
    tourist centers and the waste disposal of such,
    along the eastern coast have corrupted the water
    quality of the Red Sea.

10
Coast Line
  • Along with the negative effect of tourism comes
    the threat of damaging the delicate desert areas
    and the marine corals along the coast.
  • The coast is also affected by the pollution of
    oil, as the
  • nations beaches,
  • coral reefs,
  • and wildlife habitats are in jeopardy.

11
Wildlife in Danger
  • Less than 1 of Egypts total land area is
    protected wildlife due to environmental issues.
  • In 2000, 15 of Egypt's 98 mammal species, 11
    birds, 6 types of reptiles and 1 type of
    amphibian were endangered.
  • About 59 of the nation's 2,076 plant species were
    threatened with extinction.
  • Endangered species include the Sinai leopard,
    northern bald ibis, and green sea turtle. The
    Bubal hartebeest, Egyptian barbary sheep, and
    Sahara oryx are extinct.

12
Environmental Impact of the Transportation Sector
  • Major contributor of Greenhouse gasses
  • 31.6 million tons of CO2, representing nearly 26
    of the energy-related CO2 emissions in Egypt
  • Great deal of smog on urban areas (i.e. Cairo)
  • Growth of population, economy and pace of
    urbanization
  • Growth greatly outpaced the capacity of the
    public transportation system
  • Gap filled by the use of private cars and taxis

13
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14
Causes of high emissions from the transportation
sector
  • The average vehicle age is relatively old
  • Vehicle age averages 10 yrs.
  • Less efficient
  • Less pollution controls
  • Almost all trucks and buses use diesel fuel and
    have old-generation diesel engines
  • EXTREMELY DIRTY!
  • No Catalytic Converter or Diesel Particle Filter
    (DPF)

15
Components of Engine Emissions
  • CO (Carbon Monoxide)-Directly linked to deaths
  • NOx (NO and NO2)-Acid rain, smog
  • HC (Hydrocarbons)-HCNOxground level Ozone
  • SOx (SO2, SO3)-Acid rain
  • PM (Particulate Matter)-Soot
  • CO2(Carbon Dioxide)-Greenhouse gas

16
Technology to clean emissions
  • Vehicle emissions testing and tuning program
  • Newer cars with EGR and Catalytic Convertors
  • Newer Fleet Vehicles (Diesels) with DPF
  • Using Alternative cleaner fuels
  • CNG
  • LPG
  • Biodiesel
  • Hydrogen

17
Vehicle Emissions Testing and tuning program
  • Started in Cairo and is progressively spreading
  • Initially found that 34 of the cars registered
    in Cairo did not pass emission standards
  • Forces cars to be kept under emission levels and
    proper operating performance (efficiency)

18
Alternative cleaner fuelsCNG (Compressed
Natural Gas)
  • Reduce carbon monoxide emissions 90-97
  • Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 25
  • Reduce nitrogen oxide emissions 35-60
  • Potentially reduce hydrocarbon emissions 50-75
  • Emit fewer toxic and carcinogenic pollutants
  • Emit little or no particulate matter
  • Eliminate evaporative emissions
  • Already produced in Egypt

19
LNG (Liquid Natural Gas)
  • Produce half the particulate matter of average
    diesel vehicles
  • Significantly reduce carbon monoxide emissions
  • Reduce nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon emissions
    by 50 or more
  • Potentially reduce carbon dioxide emissions 25
    depending on the source of the natural gas
  • Drastically reduce toxic and carcinogenic
    pollutants
  • Increase methane emissions

20
Biodiesel
  • Produces half the particulate matter
  • Produces half the carbon monoxide emission
  • Produces less than half the hydrocarbons
  • Produces about a 10 more NOx than Diesel
  • Significant decrease in SO2 production
  • No significant decrease in CO2 emissions
  • Ease of application

21
Hydrogen
  • Extremely clean combustion
  • Emits only H2O
  • Costly to produce hydrogen
  • Costly to implement technology

22
Government help
  • Vehicle Emissions Testing and tuning program
  • The government introduced a smart card system
  • a driver can convert their car for free to use
    natural gas
  • used to buy natural gas at same price as
    gasoline
  • natural gas costs about half as much as gasoline
  • the difference would be used to pay for the
    conversion
  • Government loans and incentives

23
Energy Efficient Efforts in Egypt
  • Load Shifting
  • Energy Efficient Education and Market Support
  • Industry Support
  • Standards
  • Building Codes
  • Renewable Energy
  • Cogeneration

24
Load Shifting
  • Utility billing for Electricity based on
  • Energy Use
  • Peak Demand (15-30min Intervals)
  • Load Shifting reworking your load schedule to
    run in off peak hours.
  • Saves reduces stress on the power grid

25
Education and Market Support
  • Lighting Incandescent to CFLs
  • 18 lm/W vs 70 lm/W
  • Lifetime 750 hrs vs. 10,000 hrs
  • Promotion for local CFL manufacturing
  • Energy Efficient Appliances
  • Refrigerators
  • Washing Machines
  • A/C

26
Market Support Cont.
  • New Energy Efficient Building Codes
  • Residential Sector
  • Commercial Sector (Draft)
  • Similar to US building codes based on ASHRAE 90.1
  • Insulation
  • Energy Efficient Windows
  • Standards for Unconditioned buildings

27
Renewable Energy
  • Wind Farms
  • Provide 600 MW of electric capacity
  • Solar Thermal Energy
  • Photovoltaic Water Pumping

28
Cogeneration
  • Cogeneration Combined Heat and Power
  • Use steam created for manufacturing processes to
    generate power or use waste heat generated from
    power to create steam.

Steam to Power
Power to Steam
29
Egypts Policy Efforts
  • Within the Country

President Hosni Mubarak
30
Law 48 of 1982, Protection of Nile River
Pollution
  • Historical Importance of the Nile
  • Uniqueness of Law 48
  • clearly defines what is considered a water
    channel
  • special budget to be set aside that will help in
    dealing with the consequences of disobeying the
    law
  • Article 20 This law will be published in the
    official newspaper and will be put into action
    after 3 months from date of publication. This law
    will be stamped by the official State stamp and
    will be applicable as one of other laws

31
Identifying the Issues and forming an Agency
  • Egypts Environmental Issues
  • Air Water Pollution
  • The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
  • Formulation
  • Function

32
Law 102 of 1983, Natural Protectorates and all
other Environmental Legislations
  • A brief synopsis
  • was written to protect bodies of surrounding
    water from getting polluted because of cultural,
    scientific, touristic or esthetic value.
  • lead in to the current articles that are
    mentioned to protect bodies of water in Law 4.

33
Law 4 of 1994
  • Protection of Air Environment from Pollution
  • Articles 34 to 39
  • Article 34 any projects or urban plans must be
    in compliance of the land use. It further
    mentions that such criteria for determination of
    land use may base off of wind direction and or
    distance from habitation.
  • Article 35 reinstates all the establishments
    under Annex (2) and specifically notes that there
    must be an assessment of the environmental impact
    of any activity that will take place.
  • Article 36 focuses on the limits of air
    pollutants and the establishment of a limit
    permitted by laws and decrees.

34
Law 4 of 1994, Cont.
1. Vehicles currently in service
2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995
1. Vehicles currently in service
2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995
  • Article 37 intent is to establish the limits for
    engine and vehicle exhaust, the following
    information from the original Law 4 document
    helps to explain these limits
  • 1. Vehicles currently in service
  •  
  • CARBON MONOXIDE
  •  
  • 7 in volume at the speed of (600-900 R.P.M.)
  •  
  • UNBURNED HYDROCARBONS
  • 1000 parts in a million, at the speed of (600-900
    R.P.M.)
  •  
  • SMOKES
  • 65 degree of opacity or the equivalent in other
    units, at minimum acceleration
  •  
  • 2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995
  •  
  • CARBON MONOXIDE
  • 4.5 in volume at the speed of (600-900 R.P.M.)
  •  

35
Law 4 of 1994, Cont.
  • Article 38 makes aware that it is prohibited to
    treat or burn any materials or wastes near
    habitations or waterways. Specific guidelines
    have been set in accordance with this article, ex
    That the place where the garbage is incinerated
    stands at a minimum distance of 1.5 kilometers
    from populated, industrial and downwind areas
  • Article 39 of the air pollution section
    emphasizes on the specific cleanliness and steps
    that collectors of garbage are to take in order
    to prevent odors as well as attractions of flies
    or other animals in certain areas.

36
Law 4 of 1994, Cont.
  • Protection of Water Environment from Pollution
  • Articles 50-56
  • Article 50 all ships that carry oil must report
    if an oil spill occurs. The occurrence must
    entail a description with all the information of
    the oil spill incident.
  • Article 51 focuses on the proper equipments of
    ports and the directions needed to dispose waste
    and unclean ballast water.
  • Article 52 highlights the process of discharging
    oil in accordance to offshore platforms.
  • Article 53 mentions that a guarantee certificate
    must be presented when the tanker enters the
    territorial seas
  • Article 54 begins the section 2 which is titled,
    Pollution from Sewage and Garbage. It gives a
    thorough procedure for the discharge of polluted
    waste water from ships and offshore platforms.
  • Article 55 states that facilities must be
    provide for ships to deposit waste and they must
    regulate to on cleanliness and sterilization.
  • Article 56 is in accordance with the last
    article and implies that the facilities must
    ensure that such waste is not dispersed

37
Egypts Environmental Policy Efforts
  • On an
  • International Level

38
International Influences on Egyptian
Environmental Policy Actors
  • IGOS / NGOs- act to enhance socio-economic
    development, avert humanitarian crisis, and
    address environmental concerns
  • Individual State Intervention- foreign aid often
    is stipulated by rational self-interest. USAID
    and CAID cite stability and security of the
    region as the motivation for their sustainable
    development programs.

39
International Influence on Egyptian Environmental
Policy Incidents
  • Coastal Marine-life demise
  • Coral reef bleaching
  • Loss of biodiversity
  • Erosion
  • Degradation of the Nile Basin
  • causes erosion and pollution
  • limited water/ less seasonal flooding
  • partnership of the NBI

40
International Influences on Egyptian
Environmental Policy Threats
  • Climate Change refugees and IDPs
  • Israels Dimona
  • Reactor

41
International Treaties or Conventions Ratified
or Signed
  • 1935 Flora and Fauna
  • May 9th 1988 Vienna Convention
  • May 2nd 2003 Stockholm Convention
  • Jan. 12th 2005 Kyoto Protocol
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