Living Organisms: Structure and Function

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Living OrganismsStructure and Function
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The Big Question

• What is the relationship between the structure
  and function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ
  systems in an organism?

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Living OrganismsStructure and Function

• A group of cells working together to perform a
• specific function form
• TISSUES
• A group of tissues working together to perform
• a specific function form
• ORGANS
• A group of organs working together to perform
• a specific function form
• ORGAN SYSTEMS
• A group of organ systems working together to
• maintain a stable, internal environment form
• ORGANISMS

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Tissues

• A group of similar cells working together form
  tissues.
• Tissues are more complex than cells.
• Types of tissues are
• Epithelial
• (skin, hair, fingernails)
• Connective
• (bone, blood, cartilage)
• Nerve
• (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
• Muscle
• (limbs, heart, stomach)

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Structure and Function in Epithelial Tissue

• Structure
• Cells in epithelial tissue are tightly
• packed together.
• Epithelial tissue covers all body
• surfaces, lines body cavities
• and hollow organs.
• Function
• Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion,
• and sensory reception.

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How Do You Think the Structure of Epithelial
Tissue Contributes to the Function?
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Structure and Function in Connective Tissue

• Structure
• Cells in connective tissue can be
• hard and spongy (bone)
• small, flexible and rounded (blood)
• smooth slippery (cartilage)
• stringy elastic (ligaments/tendons)
• Function
• Support, cushion and protect body
• and organs
• Transport substances
• Connect 1 tissue to another

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How Do You Think the Structure of Connective
Tissue Contributes to the Function?
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Structure and Function in Muscle Tissue

• Structure
• Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical and
  striated voluntary (arms, legs)
• Cardiac muscle fibers are branched and
  striated involuntary (heart)
• Smooth muscle fibers are spindle shaped and
  non-striated involuntary
• 
  
  (stomach)
• Function
• Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have
  the special ability to shorten or contract in
  order to produce movement of the parts of the
  body.

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How Do You Think the Structure of Muscle Tissue
Contributes to the Function?
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Structure and Function in Nerve Tissue

• Structure
• Elongated cells with branches at the ends
• Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves
• Function
• To deliver a message to the next nerve cell
  in order to transmit information across the body
• Responsible for coordinating and controlling
  many body activities
• Messages delivered by electrical impulses

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How Do You Think the Structure of Nerve Tissue
Contributes to the Function?
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Organs

• Two or more tissues working together form an
  organ
• Organs are more complex than tissues.
• Examples of Organs
• Heart
• Stomach
• Lungs

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Structure and Function in the Heart

• Structure
• Made of cardiac muscle
• Contains 4 chambers and 2 one-way valves
• Oxygen poor blood enters the right side
• of the heart, oxygen rich blood leaves the
• left side of the heart
• Function
• To pump blood throughout the body

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How Do You Think the Structure of the Heart
Contributes to the Function?
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Structure and Function in the Stomach

• Structure
• Made of layers of smooth muscle
• Hollow organ that connect to the
• esophagus and to the small
• intestine
• Valves at each connection
• Function
• To process and transport food

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How Do You Think the Structure of the Stomach
Contributes to the Function?
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Structure and Function in the Lungs

• Structure
• Made of 2 spongy lobes
• Made of increasingly smaller branches
• off the trachea, ending in small, thin
• air sacs called alveoli
• Function
• Responsible for the exchange of
• O2 and CO2

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How Do You Think the Structure of the Lungs
Contributes to the Function?
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Organ Systems

• Organs that work together form an organ system.
• Organ systems are the most complex.
• An organ system perform complex functions for the
  organism.
• There are 11 organ systems in the human body
  Can you name them?

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Organ Systems
The 11 organ systems in the human body are
Integumentary Includes skin, hair and nails Muscular Includes all the muscles throughout your body
Skeletal Includes bones and connective tissue Cardiovascular Includes heart, blood and blood vessels
Respiratory Includes nose, throat, lungs and passageways Urinary Includes kidneys and bladder
Reproductive Includes ovaries, uterus, and testes Nervous Includes brain, spinal cord and nerves
Digestive Includes salivary glands, esophagus,stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, intestines Lymphatic Includes thymus gland, spleen, bone marrow, tonsils, lymph nodes and lymph vessels
Endocrine Includes pancreas, thyroid, ovaries, testes and adrenal gland
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Organ Systems

• Choose an organ system and explain how you think
  the structure contributes to its function

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What was that question?
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• What is the relationship between the structure
  and function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ
  systems in an organism?

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The question again? (repetition is good!)
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• What is the relationship between the structure
  and function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ
  systems in an organism?

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The Big Answer!
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• Any Questions