Movement III. Flageller (Chlorophyta, Axostylata, and Retortamonada)

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Movement III. Flageller (Chlorophyta,
Axostylata, and Retortamonada)
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Cilia and Flagella anatomy!
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Cilia and Flagella anatomy! This is the 9 2
pattern characteristic of nearly all flagella and
cilia.
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Cilia move in waves metachronal waves.
Undulatory movement
Power stroke or oar like action
Flagellar movement
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The Big Picture

• Protists are a group of paraphyletic,
  protoplasmic organisms.
• Three types of movement are common among protists
• Cilia and flagella have a 9 2 arrangement

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Protozoa II

• Chapter 11

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Outline

• Protection
• Feeding strategies
• Reproduction
• Sexual
• Asexual
• Life cycle

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Ameba Tests

• Sand and Chitin
• Calcium Carbonate
• Foraminifora marine
• Silica
• Radolarians marine forms, oldest, known protists

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Difflugia sp.
Testate amebas
Arcella sp.
Centropyxis sp.
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Ameba Tests

• Sand and Chitin
• Calcium Carbonate
• Foraminifora marine
• Silica
• Radolarians marine forms, oldest, known protists

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Ameba Tests

• Sand and Chitin
• Calcium Carbonate
• Foraminifora marine
• Silica
• Radolarians marine forms, oldest, known protists

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Feeding Strategies

• Autotrophs- synthesize their own food
• Heterotrophs- consume food made by others
• --Osmotrophs-ingest food in soluble form.
• --Phagotrophs-ingest visible particles of food.

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Phagotrophs

1. Sucking
2. Feeding currents
3. Pseudopods

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General Feeding Process
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General Feeding Process

1. Food (prey) particle is brought near the body

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General Feeding Process

• Food (prey) particle is brought near the body
• Particle is brought into the cell by infolding or
  invagination
• --Food vacuole or phagosome

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General Feeding Process

• Food (prey) particle is brought near the body
• Particle is brought into the cell by infolding or
  invagination
• --Food vacuole or phagosome
• Lysosomes fuse with vacuole

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General Feeding Process

• Food (prey) particle is brought near the body
• Particle is brought into the cell by infolding or
  invagination
• --Food vacuole or phagosome
• Lysosomes fuse with vacuole
• As food is digested, its products are taken into
  the cell across the vacuole membrane

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General Feeding Process

• Food (prey) particle is brought near the body
• Particle is brought into the cell by infolding or
  invagination
• --Food vacuole or phagosome
• Lysosomes fuse with vacuole
• As food is digested, its products are taken into
  the cell across the vacuole membrane
• Undigested food is expelled

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Food
Lysosome Food vacuole
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I. Sucking

• By tentacles
• Suctorian ciliate
• Use long narrow tentacles to attach to prey items
• Tentacles help it move food into the cell

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I. Sucking

• Using the oral groove
• e.g. Didinium (ciliate)
• Attaches to prey item and ingests food through a
  temporary cytostome (cell mouth)

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Feeding Using the Cytostome
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II. Feeding Currents

• This is a semi-passive feeding mechanism in which
  food is brought to the oral opening by creating
  water currents
• Used by ciliates and flagellates
• Organism usually sessile

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Codosiga
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Flagellar feeding currents

• Particles are brought into the collar
• Pseudopods move the particles into the cell

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III. Pseudopods

• Used by amoebae
• Pseudopods surround food particles
• Encloses it inside body

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Protozoan Reproduction

• Asexual
• 1. Binary fission
• 2. Budding
• 3. Multiple fission

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I. Binary fission

• Division of one parent individual into two equal
  daughter individuals

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II. Budding

• Division of one parent individual into two or
  more unequal daughter individuals.
• The smaller daughter individual must mature.

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III. Multiple fission

• Division of one parent individual into numerous
  individuals, simultaneously.

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Life cycle of Plasmodium (Malaria)
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Ciliate life cycle

• Life cycles include
• Asexual binary fission
• Conjugations (sexual) temporary union of two
  individuals for the function of exchanging
  genetic material

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The Big Picture

• Protists can be divided into two main groups
  depending on feeding strategy.
• Phagocytosis is a common type of feeding strategy
• How phagocytic protists feed differs widely
• Reproduction in protists is mainly by binary
  fission, ciliates and apicomplexans have sexual
  reproduction!