The Industrial Revolution

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Objectives

• Explain the changes that the Industrial
  Revolution brought to American life.
• Discuss the importance of Samuel Slaters cotton
  mill.
• Describe the growth of industry in the United
  States after 1812.
• Identify important developments in factories and
  the problems that factory life caused.

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Terms and People

• Industrial Revolution a time period during
  which machines gradually took the place of many
  hand tools
• factory system brought workers and machinery
  together in one place
• capitalist a person who invests capital, or
  money, in a business to earn a profit
• Francis Cabot Lowell an American who, with
  other capitalists, built a factory where spinning
  and weaving were done in the same building

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Terms and People (continued)

• mass production the rapid manufacture of large
  numbers of identical objects
• interchangeable parts identical pieces that
  could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

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• Type 1 Writing (use page 382 if needed)
• In three complete sentences describe how the
  Industrial Revolution changed the lives of all
  Americans.
• Think about how it affected the following
• Jobs and Labor Conditions
• Costs of Products
• Women and Children

Remember for type 1 writing prompts you need to
copy down the prompt itself for credit!
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Early Americans Before the Industrial Revolution
the vast majority of Americans were what?
In early America, most people worked as farmers
and made the goods they needed at home.
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution,
many people began working in factories and buying
manufactured goods.
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Prior to the Industrial Revolution, women spun
thread and wove cloth at home.
These processes were very time-consuming.
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The Industrial Revolution began in the British
textile industry in the 1700s.
A series of innovations changed the way fabric
was made.
In the 1760s, the spinning jenny sped up the
thread-making process.
In 1764, Richard Arkwright invented the water
frame, a spinning machine powered by running
water rather than human energy.
To house the large machines, manufacturers built
textile mills on the banks of rivers.
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What were disadvantages to building factories on
riverbanks?

• In a dry season, the machines had no power.
• Most factories were far from cities, and labor
  was hard to find in rural areas.

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Can anyone think of an example of a mill here in
Berks County?
Grings Mill on the Tulpehocken (Turtle Land) Creek
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In 1790, Arkwright built the first steam-powered
textile plant.
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What advantages do you think steam-powered
factories had over water-powered mills?
Factories could now be built in cities, where
young women and children provided cheap labor.
The steam engine was a reliable source of power.
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The new mills created a new way of working, known
as what?
factory system
Instead of spinning at home as time permitted,
textile workers had to begin and end work at
specific hours at the factories.
Workers now had to keep up with the machines
instead of working at their own pace.
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Can anyone think of an old clothing factory here
in Berks County?
Vanity Fair Outlets, started as Reading Glove and
Mitten Manufacturing Company in 1899
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People who invested money (or capital) in a
business in the hopes of making a profit are
called what?
Capitalists
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British mill owners turned to capitalists to get
the money they needed to build spinning factories
and machines.
1765 1784

By 1784, British workers were producing 24 times
as much thread as they had in 1765.
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Britain forbade skilled workers to leave the
country in order to keep their technology a
secret.
But in 1789, an apprentice in one Arkwrights
factories did just that.
Samuel Slater memorized the plans of Arkwrights
machines and then sailed to New York.
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Slater joined forces with a wealthy merchant,
Moses Brown, who had rented a textile mill in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
There, Slater built a spinning machine based on
his memory of Arkwrights machines.
Slaters successful mill marked the beginning of
American industrialization.
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In the U.S., industrialization began in the
Northeast, where there were merchants who had the
capital to build factories.
But U.S. industry did not grow significantly
until the War of 1812, when Americans could no
longer rely on imported goods.
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Before the 1800s, skilled craftsworkers made
goods by hand, and when a part broke, they had to
make a unique piece to fix the product.
But American inventor Eli Whitney devised a
system of interchangeable parts in the 1790s.
This was one of the most important developments
in American industry, called mass production.
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Manufacturing became more efficient, and the
prices of many goods dropped.
People bought more goods, and U.S. industry
expanded to satisfy their needs.
U.S. Industry
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The Lowell Mills The Lowell Mills
Beginnings Before the War of 1812, Francis Cabot Lowell saw the latest weaving machines in England. Back in the U.S., Lowell built an improved version of the English machines.
A New Kind of Mill Lowell opened a mill in Waltham, Massachusetts, where spinning and weaving were done in the same building.
The Town of Lowell After Lowells death in 1817, his partners built more factories. They also built a new town to improve the lives of their workers.
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The new factories were staffed with Lowell
girls from nearby farms, who received an
education during their off-duty hours.
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What were Lowell Girls getting that most young
women in American could not at that time?
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Unlike the Lowell girls, most factory workers had
to tolerate harsh conditions.

• American textile mills, coal mines, and steel
  foundries hired children as young as 7 to work
  long hours in unsafe conditions.

• By 1880, more than a million children between the
  ages of 10 and 15 worked for pay.

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Factory Conditions Factory Conditions
Environment Conditions in factories were appalling. Factories were poorly lit with little fresh air.
Injuries Many workers were injured by machines not designed to protect them. Business owners provided no payments to disabled workers.
Length of Workdays Factory workdays lasted 12 or 14 hours. By 1844, workers were demanding shorter days, but they did not get them until many years later.
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Closing Activity Chapter 11 Section 1 Quiz

• Directions Choose the correct option for each of
  the following questions.
• What is someone called who invests capital in a
  business to earn a profit?
• Foreman
• Manager
• Capitalist
• What is the system that brings workers and
  machinery together in one place called?
• Factory System
• Labor Transport System
• Mill System

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• What is the rapid manufacture of large numbers of
  identical objects called?
• Factory System
• Mass Production
• Interchangeable Parts
• What are identical pieces that can be assembled
  quickly by unskilled workers called?
• Interchangeable Parts
• Factory System
• Common Manufacturing

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• Who memorized plans for an entire spinning
  machine and smuggled them to the U. S.?
• Lowell
• Martin
• Slater
•  
• During the Industrial Revolution labor or working
  conditions were often what?
• Dangerous
• Fun
• Safe

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• Who worked in factories during the Industrial
  Revolution that are not allowed to by law today?
• Immigrants
• Children
• Women
• The term for the young women who worked in the
  Lowell Mills and lived in boarding houses under
  strict supervision is which?
• Lowell Girls
• Labor Ladies
• Manufacturing Mollies

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Critical Thinking Question

• The young women who worked in the Lowell Mills
  were kept in boarding houses with women only,
  strictly supervised by older women, and also
  encouraged to attend lectures or visit company
  libraries. As a result many of these women
  gained an education they would not have been
  allowed to get in a normal setting during this
  time period. Do you think the freedoms they gave
  up (giving up free time, supervised, living in
  women only boarding houses) was worth the
  education they received? State your opinion on
  this issue and support it in three complete
  sentences.

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