Principles of Landscaping

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Principles of Landscaping

• Maintenance, Xeriscaping Water Gardens

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The Landscape Industry

• Also known as the green industry
• Improve natural environment
• Meet needs and desires of people

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Landscape architect

• Professionals
• Integrate the principles of art and science
• Know how plants and landscape factors will react
  to the environment around them

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• Prepare designs that show what, where and how
  objects and plants are installed
• Utilize computers and mechanized equipment in
  conjunction with the design process known as
  CAD Computer aided design

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3-D approach

• Allows the client to view a photographic image of
  the landscape design.
• Improves the clients understanding of the design
• Helps to visualize what it will look like when
  plants are mature

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Landscape designers

• State have differing regulations
• Generally 4-5 years of college training is
  required
• State may also require a license

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Landscape designer

• Reduce actual dimensions of the area to be
  landscaped to a size that can be illustrated
• Plan is a collection of symbols that represent
  trees, shrubs, flowers, buildings, decks, etc,

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Landscape designer

• Designs are drawn to scale
• All symbols are reduced to the same proportion
• Common scales used in landscape drawings are
• 1 inch 10 feet
• 1 inch 20 feet

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Landscape design

• Once the design is approved by the client,
  installation takes place

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Landscape Contractor

• Career field that deals with the installation of
  landscapes
• Main link between the design and implementation

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Landscape Contractor

• Must have knowledge of plant materials and proper
  planting technique
• Engineering and building skills
• May build brick patios, or stone or concrete
  brick retaining walls

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Landscape Contractor

• Must be able to read and follow the scale drawing
  of the design.
• Landscape architect may subcontract installation
  work or other work such as paving and deck
  building

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Landscape Maintenance Contractor

• Care of the landscape once installed
• May often be called gardeners or professional
  horticulturists
• May spend all their time on a single client such
  as a golf course, large estate, shopping mall,
  cemetery or park

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Landscape Maintenance Contractor

• May serve numerous landscapes
• Typical tasks include lawn care - fertilizing,
  weeding, mowing
• Tree and shrub care fertilizing, pruning,
  mulching

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Landscape Maintenance Contractor

• Flower care
• Repair of walls, fences, walks and drives
• Painting and snow plowing

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Landscape Maintenance Contractor

• Fastest growing part of the business management
  of landscapes once they have been installed
• Maintenance requirements must be kept in mind
  while developing the design

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Landscape Maintenance Contractor

• Poorly trained or careless maintenance workers
  can make the best landscapes look shabby
• All landscape professionals are interrelated

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Objectives of Residential Landscaping

• Determine the exact landscape needs and desires
  of the homeowner
• Determine the capabilities of the land (site) to
  fulfill those needs and desires

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Objectives of Residential Landscaping

• Develop the outdoor living areas of the landscape
  in a manner similar to the way indoor living
  areas are developed

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Objectives of Residential Landscaping

• Design the landscape in such a way that
  maintenance practices do not exceed that which
  the homeowner is willing to do
• Keep costs within the budget of the homeowner

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Homeowner Interview

• Needs and desires of the homeowner best
  determined by an interview
• Allows for personal approach to landscaping

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Interview Questions

• Size of family and ages
• How much does the family use the outdoor areas
• Does family entertain frequently size of groups

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Interview questions

• Amount of privacy from neighbors and passing cars
  desired
• How much maintenance is homeowner willing to do

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Interview Questions

• Specific plants that homeowner is fond of or
  family members are allergic to
• Service needs of the landscape clothesline,
  trash cans, pets, garden etc.
• Will the family use the area after dark

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Interview Questions

• How much does the family want to spend on the
  project
• Is the family willing to wait several years for
  the pants to reach their mature size or do they
  want large plants installed for immediate effect

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Site Analysis

• Dimensions of property
• Topography
• Quality of soil, top and sub
• Condition of lawn areas
• Types and condition of existing plants

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Site Analysis

• Location of utility lines, meters, and utility
  easements
• Good and bad views from the site
• Architectural style of the neighborhood

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Site Analysis

• Environmental setting of the site and
  neighborhood
• Existing natural features such as streams, rock
  outcroppings, specimen plants and wildlife
  habitat areas

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Outdoor Room Concept
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Outdoor Room

• Visualize the outdoors the same as the indoors
• Outdoor rooms have walls, ceilings and floors
  just like indoor rooms do
• Primary difference is the materials used to
  construct them

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Outdoor Room

• Outdoor walls may be constructed with shrubs,
  fences, brick or stone, exterior walls of
  buildings or trellises
• Floors may be natural earth, sand, stone,
  concrete, grass etc.

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Principles of Landscape Design

• Simplicity
• Balance
• Focalization of interest
• Rhythm and line
• Scale and proportion

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Simplicity

• Important in unity of design
• Accomplished by repeating specific plants
  throughout the design
• Massing plant types or colors into groups rather
  than spacing them so that each plant is seem
  separately

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Simplicity

• Straight lined or gently curving bed lines
  around shrub plantings

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Balance

• Imagining the landscape placed on a seesaw
• If properly balanced, both sides of the landscape
  should have equal visual balance

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Balance

• May be symmetrical or asymmetrical
• Symmetrical balance is achieved when one side of
  the landscape is an exact duplicate of the other
  side
• Common in formal designs

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Balance

• Asymmetrical balance happens when one side of the
  landscape has the same visual weight as the other
  side but they are not duplicates

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Focalization

• Viewers eye wants to see only one feature as
  being most important within any view.
• All other elements complement that feather
  focal point

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Focalization

• When looking at a house from the street, the
  viewers eye should go quickly to the front door
• In the back yard, the viewer may have no focal
  point to look at unless one is created

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Focalization

• Focal points may be created by using especially
  attractive plants specimen plants
• Statues
• Fountains and pools
• Flower masses

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Focalization

• Once designed, all bed lines and plant
  arrangements should lead the eye of the viewer to
  the focal point

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Rhythm and Line

• Contributes to the overall unity of the design
• Responsible for a sense of continuity among
  different areas of the landscape
• Extending planting beds from one area to another

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Rhythm and Line

• Shrub beds developed around an entrance can be
  continued around to the sides and into the
  backyard
• Helps to tie the front and rear areas of the
  property together

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Rhythm and Line

• Repeating shapes, angles, or lines between
  various areas and elements of the design

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Scale and Proportion

• Keep all elements in the correct size
  relationship
• Plants should add to human comfort in the setting
• Smaller plants are used in a children's play area
  allows children to relate to the plants

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Unity

• Master principle
• Creates flow among scale and proportion, balance,
  accent, rhythm and simplicity
• Landscape design will complement surroundings and
  crate aesthetic appeal

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Maintenance

• One of the fastest growing divisions of the hort
  industry
• Caring for the landscape after installation

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Involves technical knowledge and the following
skills

• Replace plant material
• Application of mulch to proper depth
• Application of soil amendments for proper pH and
  fertility needs

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Cont

• Pruning
• Weed control
• Planting and caring for flower beds
• Proper mowing
• Maintenance of landscape accessories pools,
  fountains, lighting

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Maintenance

• Important that the landscape maintenance
  personnel be able to determine the volume of
  mulch to cover a given area

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Formula

• Length X widthX depth _in feet)
• __________________________
• 27 cubic feet/cubic yard

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Mulch

• Most mulch is applied at a depth of three inches
• Most common type of wood chips
• Hardwood bark and pine bark
• Vary in size from coarse to fine

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Mulch

• Aesthetic appearance
• Water holding
• Organic matter
• Weed control

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Mulch

• Can be purchased in bags or in bulk

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Maintenance

• Power tools

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Xeriscaping

• Practice water conservation in creative
  landscapes
• Used extensively in the southwestern US

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Xeriscaping

• Basic concepts
• Good design and planning
• Improving soil
• Turf areas
• Use of ground covers
• Low water use

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Basic concepts

• Plant selection
• Use of mulches
• Use of low volume irrigation
• Proper landscape maintenance

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Xeriscaping
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Xeriscaping

• Necessary to group plants in relation to their
  water needs
• Allows growth of high water use plants and still
  conserve water
• Use mass plantings with borders of lower plants
  in front and taller plants in back

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Xeriscaping

• Soil can be improved to provide optimum growth
  and water conservation
• Addition of organic matter will improve aeration
  and water holding ability

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Xeriscaping

• Turf areas should be seeded in drought tolerant
  grasses
• Irrigate turf areas separately
• Mulches help to conserve moisture
• Mulch will reduce lost water due to evaporation
  and run off by 90

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Xeriscaping

• Low volume irrigation
• Ground covers give the landscape a wide variety
  of texture and color and retain soil moisture
• Large turf areas transpire a lot of moisture

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The Water Garden

• Adds a new dimension to the landscape
• Sight and sound of water bring the garden alive
  especially when movement of water is used

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Water Garden

• Water plants, fish, frogs add a contrasting
  dimension
• Ponds attract wildlife such as birds and
  butterflies and beneficial insects

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Water Garden

• Use caution in placing water gardens near where
  children may be playing
• Bridges over water features add interest
• Sized and shaped to fit the landscape

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Water Garden

• Vary from small
• above ground

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Water Garden

• Large in
• ground
• Pools

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Water Garden

• In formal settings, water gardens are usually
  rectangular, square or circular
• Located in the center of the garden or in a
  straight line at the end of a path

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Water Garden

• Edged in brick or flagstone
• Informal sweeping natural curves. Generally
  not symmetrically balanced
• Placed wherever they look good

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Water Garden

• Edged with plants to blend into the surrounding
  garden

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Locating the Water Garden

• Most flowering plants require at least 6 hours of
  full sun
• Above ground containers need some shade during
  the hottest part of the day to keep water from
  overheating and damaging plants or fish

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Locating the Water Garden

• Should not be under trees
• If waterfalls or fountains are used, water garden
  must be near electricity to run the pump

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Types of Ponds

• In ground lined with pvc or rubber liners
• Liners make it easy to install a pond nearly
  anywhere and of any size or shape
• Rubber liners last 20 years, PVC 10 years

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Types of Ponds

• Liners last longer if completely covered and
  protected from sunlight
• Preformed rigid sided liners come in a variety of
  shapes and sizes

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Types of Ponds

• Easy to install, can be used in ground or above
• Flexible liners allow for greater creativity
• Above ground ponds can be any container that will
  hold water.

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Water Plants

• Vary in size, shape and texture
• Float on water as well as rise out of the water
• Select plants to grow to proper size for the size
  of the pond

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Water Plants

• Must be adapted to your site
• Select flower colors that blend well with the
  rest of the landscape

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