Towards Revolution

1
Towards Revolution

• Colonial Crisis

2
Study Guide and Identifications

• What events led to crisis in the British North
  America?
• Orders of Council
• Sugar Act
• Coercive Acts
• Townsend Act
• Stamp Act
• Boston Massacre

3
Study Guide Question IDs

• How did British Colonists respond to Imperial
  authority? What factors led to the question of
  independence?
• Sons of Liberty
• Edenton Ladies Tea Party
• First and Second Continental Congress
• Thomas Paine, Common Sense

4
Aftermath of Colonial Wars

• Treaty of Paris
• Britain had tremendous national
• debt
• Britain alienated colonies
• Left army in America
• Taxes Americans to pay its cost
• Americans insisted that taxation without
  representation in Parliament violated their
  rights as English men

5
George Greenville

• Kings Chief administrator in 1763
• Began passing policies to impose greater control
  over the colonies
• Extract greater wealth
• Anti-American
• Viewed colonists as spoiled children in need of
  punishment

6
Orders of Council 1763

• Stationed British naval vessels in American
  waters
• Intended running down and seizing all colonial
  merchant ships suspected of smuggling
• Goal to end American smuggling
• Compel colonists to pay more in trade duties

7
Proclamation of 1763

• Goal to avoid costly Indian wars
• Goal to avoid westward settlement for fear of the
  establishment of inland markets and therefore
  eventual competition
• Garrisoned more British soldiers to keep control
  over settlers and Indians

8
Revenue or Sugar Act 1764

• Regulated loading unloading of vessels for the
  purpose of identifying smugglers
• Placed duties on coffee, indigo, sugar and wine
• Greenville hoped to gain an annual revenue of
  40,000 pounds
• To pay for costs of colonial wars stationing of
  British troops
• Context of a post war depression 1770s

9
Crisis One Stamp Act 1766

• Directly taxed 50 items
• Newspapers, pamphlets, almanacs, playing cards,
  wills, land deeds, college diplomas
• Expected to yield 100,000 pounds per year
• Britain refused to give representation
• Greenville argued English citizens were virtually
  represented in that because they resided in the
  Empire enjoyed representation by parliament
• Continued resistance led to its repeal

10
Royalist Faction

• Leadership in Massachusetts That enjoyed
  political patronage of the crown
• Lt. Governor Chief Justice, Thomas Hutchinson
• Governor, Francis Bernard
• Secretary and Councilor, Andrew Oliver

11
Popular or Country Faction

• Samuel Adams
• Lawyer, James Otis Jr.
• By 1760 Adams assumed leadership of the popular
  rights faction in Mass. Politics
• Guided the Loyal Nine in directing politics of
  resistance
• Communicated plans to artisans Mechanics who
  were leaders of the Leather Apron or working
  associations

12
Leather Apron gangs

• North End and South End gangs
• Fraternal organizations providing fellowship for
  artisans, apprentices day laborers
• Originally competed and fought amongst themselves
• Adams fostered unity to defend political liberties

13
Secret Society Sons of Liberty

• Led by prominent citizens referred to as the
  Associators
• Used violence to resist taxation
• Boycotts, demonstrations
• Intimidation
• Effigy burning
• Destroyed Andrew Olivers Warehouse

14
Andrew Oliver

• Merchant
• Loyalist
• Tax Collector in Boston
• Resigned his post due to intimidation and
  destruction of his property
• Rendered office of the stamp collector powerless
• Set a precedent of further resistance
• Augustus Johnston, RI
• Zacahriah Hood, MD
• Jared Ingersoll, CT

15
Official Petitions to Parliament

• Patrick Henry, Virginian Lawyer
• Proposed 7 resolutions in the House of Burgess of
  which endorsed 4
• No taxation without representation
• Denied King and Parliament all legislative power
  over the American provinces

16
Stamp Act Congress

• New York City, 1765
• James Otis led the movement for the Massachusetts
  General Court to call for an inter colonial
  congress to draft a joint statement of grievances
• 9 colonies responded, 27 delegates appeared in
  New York
• Significance demonstrated colonial unity

17
Economic Boycott

• New York Merchants
• Pledged to stop importation unless the Stamp act
  was repealed
• Principal port cities followed
• November 1, 1765 commerce in the colonies came
  to a Halt
• 1766 Stamp Act Repealed
• Passed the Declaratory Act
• Ensuring parliaments full power and authority to
  tax colonists and make laws and statutes

18
Crisis Two The Townsend Act, 1767

• Parliament imposed taxes on imports
• British manufactured glass, paper, lead products,
  painters colors, tea
• Projected revenue of 35 40,000 pounds/yr
• Colonists non-importation talk of producing
  cloth
• Britain responded with sending troops
• Modified act but duty on tea remained

19
Crisis ThreeBoston Massacre

• 1769 Sons of Liberty clashed with troops
• Troop Baiting
• Resistance to military presence
• 1770 5 civilians killed, 6 wounded
• Samuel Gray, Samuel Maverick, Crispus Attucks,
  dead
• 2 soldiers singled out for the murders, thumbs
  branded sent back for duty
• Failure of first attempt of military Coercion
• Military presence ended in Boston

20
Holiday, March 5, 1770

• Samuel Adams declared the date of Boston Massacre
  a holiday
• Commemorated fallen martyrs
• Keep the struggle for the defense of liberties
  alive

21
Tea Act

• Fourth crisis Tea Act of 1773
• Boston colonists destroyed British tea
• 45 tons Boston Harbor
• Increase of assaults against tax collectors
• Thomas Hutchinson of Boston

22
Edenton Ladies Tea Party

• Images of Womens Republican Virtue
• Edenton Proclamation
• 52 women of N.C. Boycott English tea cloth
• Right Duty to participate in political events
  of their time Region
• English Satire of American Revolutionary Womens
  Meetings

23
Samuel Adams

• Born Boston, MS
• Prime instigator of protest against imperial
  policies post 7 year war
• Published pamphlets warning of power hungry royal
  officials
• Tax collector who did not collect 8000 pounds
• Opposed local leader merchant Thomas Hutchinson
• Represented elite privilege

24
Abuse of a tax collector, c. 1774
25
Coercive Acts, 1774

• Series of legislation passed to address colonial
  rebellion
• Boston Port Bill closed the port until colonists
  paid for the tea
• Massachusetts Government Act expanded powers of
  royal governor and abolished the elective council
  
• General Thomas Cage replaced Governor Hutchinson
• Administration of Justice Act More protection
  for collectors and imperial officers
• Amendment to the Quartering Act of 1765 power to
  house imperial troops anywhere

26
Unity among colonists
27
Resistance 1765-1775

• British fear
• convinced of organized movement for independence
• Colonists denied wish for independence
• Feared deprivation of liberty rights as
  Englishmen
• Britain used military coercion
• Americans resisted with violence

28
Colonial Loyalties until 1773

• Majority of colonists
• Loyal British Subjects
• Vague right to self-government
• 1774
• Began to question relationship with Britain
• Developed clear notion of self-government
• Parliament had little authority in daily lives of
  Americans

29
Escalation of new ideology Violence

• Conflict over taxation transformed colonial
  relationship
• Language of resistance Groups centered around
  ideas of liberty

30
First Continental Congress

• 1774 Philadelphia
• Began to function as
• central government for colonies
• 55 delegates of 12 colonies
• Lawyers, doctors, merchants planters
• John Adams of Massachusetts
• Patrick Henry of Virginia

31
Role of First Congress

• 3 tasks
• Define American Grievances
• Define constitutional relationship with Britain
• Develop plan to address grievances
• Agreed on laws they wanted appealed
• Did not agree on relationship with Britain
• Some believed they owed allegiance only to King
  George III
• Other believed Parliaments supremacy over the
  empire

32
John Adams compromise

• Parliament had no authority over the colonies
  except in the case of trade legislation
• Legislation was subject to colonial consent
• Legislation only used to regulate commerce
• Legislation could not be used to raise revenue
  for the Empire

33
Continental Association

• First Continental Congress formed an association
• Called for a repeal of the Coercive Acts
• Resistance efforts
• Non-importation of British goods
• Total ban on all exports

34
Daughters of Liberty Mercy Otis Warren

• Assumed Masculine Name to Publish political
  tracts John Singleton Copley
• 1805 history of the Rise, Progress and
  Termination of the American Revolution
• Corresponded with Washington, Adams Jefferson
• Anti-federalist
• Raised question of independence before the
  congress did
• Favored state rights over national government
• The only way to protect against misuse of power
  was to put tight restrictions on those who ruled

35
British Response

• General Cage surveyed level of resistance
• Parliament passed resolution declaring
  Massachusetts in a state of rebellion
• Cage arrested leaders of Massachusetts Provincial
  Congress
• Led to battles at Concord and Lexington

36
Towards Independence

• Violence of 1775 led to improvised war
• Second Continental Congress
• Organized forces around Boston
• Formed the Continental Army
• Appointed George Washington of Virginia to
  command rebel forces
• Appealed to King George to Intercede to end
  crisis and negotiate peace

37
Congressional Factions

• New Englanders
• favored a formal declaration of Independence
• Reconciliationists or Moderates
• Led by John Dickinson, Pennsylvania

38
Recruitment Poster for General Washington's Army
39
Continental Army Recruits

• Economically hard pressed
• Early teens to mid twenties
• Landless
• Unskilled
• Poverty stricken
• Expendable
• Un-free
• Indentured servants and slaves
• Stood as substitutes for Masters in exchange for
  personal freedom at wars end

40
African American enlistment

• Massachusetts first state to authorize
  enlistment of African Americans, enslaved and
  free
• Rhode Island two black regiments
• Maryland Virginia followed
• Patriot general asked why so many sons of
  freedom seemed so anxious to trust their all to
  be defended by slaves

41
Enlistment of Women

• Margins of Society
• Given half-rations
• The British Army allowed 1 women in the ranks for
  every 10 men
• The Continental army allowed 1 for 15

42
Womens Revolutionary Role

• To endow domesticity with political meaning 
• Women were politicized during war and so was the
  domestic arena. 
• Women fought as soldiers
• 20,000 marched with soldiers
• Cooks, nurses, doctors, laundresses, guised,
  porters
• Consumer boycotts infused daily activities and
  household production with political meaning. 
• Kept economy alive, planted and harvested
• Households provided goods and services to
  soldiers
• were places to which embattled came for supplies,
  housing, laundry, clothing, nursing. 
• The expanded role of households during the war
  was given a new twist in early Republic. 
• The result was the idea and the image of Mothers
  of the Republic, and Mothers of Republicans

43
Notable Women

• Groton, Mass.
• Dressed in mens clothing, armed themselves with
  muskets and pitchforks to defend the local bridge
  captured British soldiers
• 20,000 women marched with American armies
• Molly Hays or Molly Pitcher (Penn. Granted her a
  Pension)
• Deborah Sampson Gammett (Timothy Thayer Robert
  Shurtleff) joined the army twice
• Federal and Mass. Pension

44

• British General, Burgoyne
• Even if the British were to defeat all the men in
  America, they would still have to contend with
  all the women
• British occupation of Charleston
• Why women fat women were coming back thin
• Smuggling food past the enemy occupation
• 22yr Deborah Champion dispatched intelligence to
  General Washington in Cambridge Mass. From Ct.
  (Spy)

45
Rebels Loyalists

• Throughout 1775
• Congressmen and most Americans advocated
  reconciliation
• Defensive struggle until peace could be
  negotiated
• By 1776 patriots had gained control of all 13
  colonies
• British displayed violence
• Threatened turning of slaves Indians against
  settlers
• Continued to alienate colonists

46
Lord Dunmores Declaration of Emancipation

• Royal Governor in Williamsburg, Virginia
• 1775, Lord Dunmore in response to Rebel patriots
  he fled to Chesapeake Bay
• To raise loyalist soldiers he offered freedom to
  slaves who would fight
• First Mass Emancipation of slaves
• Fear by Planters that Slaves would turn against
  their masters
• Dunmores Ethiopian Regiment
• Lost at Battle of Great Bridge, December, 1775
• Dunmore fled the colonies in 1776

47
Final Steps towards independence

• 1776 Thomas Paine Common Sense
• Considered question of independence

48
Final Steps towards independence

• 1776 Thomas Pained Common Sense
• Considered question of independence
• Stressed Locke an theme of government
• Contractual relationship between the people and
  the government
• Give up a little property and natural rights for
  protection and civil rights
• Hereditary Kingships and aristocratic titles
  inherently unfair
• People should welcome opportunity to severe ties
  with oppressive and unequal system of government

49

• Basis of colonial loyalties
• Loyalty to the king
• After demolishing this relationship
• Argued independence
• Free American involvement in world wars
• Free trade
• Free economics
• Prosperity Liberty

50
English political cartoon showing the mother
Britannia fighting with daughter America
51

• Declaration of Independence

• July 2, 1776 Continental Congress passed
  resolution favoring independence
• July 4, 1776 Adopted Committed new nation to
  Republicanism government whose sovereignty was
  derived from consent of the government as
  expressed through the vote
• Limited to property owning white men

52
Language of Liberty

• Belief in rights of man
• Human liberty derived from natural rights not
  constitution (British in this case)
• Contractual society
• When government breaks its contracts to protect
  rights of the people
• Americans justified in resorting to armed
  resistance when peaceful means of redress fail

53
Language of Sons of Liberty

• Language of liberty
• Stressed rights
• To self government
• To representation
• To trial by jury
• Decried tyranny slavery when these rights were
  violated
• Minorities African/Indian/Asian/Mexican/Women
  bound to hear this

54
Who would be Included?

• Who would equality be applied to?
• Slaves?
• Women?
• Inequalities of slavery came under attack for the
  first time in the 18th Century
• Quakers first prohibited slavery

55
Abigail Adams letters to John

• The Constitution what About the Women?
• Abigail to John 1776
• I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be
  more generous and favourable to them than your
  ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into
  the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would
  be tyrants if they could. If perticuliar care and
  attention is not paid to the Laidies we are
  determined to foment a Rebelion, and will not
  hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have
  no voice, or Representation.
• John to Abigail, 14 April 1776
• We know better than to repeal our Masculine
  systems. which would completely subject Us to
  the Despotism of the Peti-coat. A fine Story
  indeed.

56
Focus Questions/Identification

• In what ways can the Revolutionary war be
  characterized?
• To whom did the question of increased liberty and
  freedoms apply, and to whom did they not apply?
• What was womens role in the Revolution and how
  did their status change socially and politically
  following the war?
• Republican Motherhood

57
Most Americans

• Equality not the issue
• Ideas of liberty Restricted
• Liberty meaning freedom from British control

58
The Unequal

• The Enslaved
• Boston slaves made it clear to British and
  patriots they would serve which ever side
  supported freedom
• Women
• Increased political awareness and empowerment as
  result of participation and contributions to war
  efforts
• Working Men
• Sailors, artisans, traders, farmers
• Called on to support boycotts, demonstrations,
  riots etc
• Concept of life and politics bound to change

59
Revolutionary War

• British
• believed loss of colonies would fatal blow to
  empire
• Raised more soldiers and larger fleets
• Spain
• Colonized California in an effort to stabilize
  claim over territory
• French aided Patriots
• Without it patriots would not have won
• Treaties
• generous trade terms with France
• Alliance bound the two nations in perpetuity
• Committed France to fight until Britain conceded
  independence
• France disavowed all territorial ambitions in
  North America

60
Declaration of Independence

• 1776 Revolutionary leaders made 2 decisions of
  enduring importance
• 1. Declared Independence adopted the
  Declaration of Independence
• 2. Committed new nation to Republicanism
• A government whose sovereignty was derived from
  the consent of the governed as expressed through
  the vote
• Input limited to landed white males

61
1770s-1820s Liberty Rhetoric Republican
Womanhood

• Early republic view that women were at least
  partly (or even mostly) responsible for fostering
  republican virtues and ideals of democracy and
  liberty
• Origins in Enlightenment ideas
• Enlightenment debate over womens rights
• patriotic duty to educate her sons to be moral
  and virtuous citizens.

Jane Stuart, An interior scene at Boston, ca.
1835
62
3 wars

• Characterized in 3 ways
• 1. Civil war between patriots and loyalists
• 2. War of Conquest of First Nations peoples
• 3. Revolutionary in the ideas that would
  challenge social arrangement
• Initially only a political break

63
Civil War

• Large proportion of Americans did not support war
  or its aims
• Some supported rebels and continuation of British
  Rule
• Others sympathetic to pre-war movement against
  taxation did not support armed resistance
• Some neutral wanted to avoid conflict

64
Revolutionary War

• Political break with Britain
• Led to creation of United States
• First colonial war of liberation of the 20th
  century
• Combatants motivated by ideology and desire for
  self-determination
• A peoples war

65
War of Conquest

• Americans fighting to free themselves of British
  rule
• First nations fighting to free themselves of
  Colonial Rule
• Siding with those perceived to be in their best
  interests

66
Native Americans

• Outside body politic of white America
• White racism and Prejudice lack of political
  access
• Nations sovereign, independent nations, did not
  want to operate with the American system or world
  preserve territory, political, economic and
  social institutions of Nations
• Wars of resistance continued

67
Alliances

• Many nations allied with the British recognizing
  threat of rebel victory
• Continued removal and genocide
• Once no longer useful British abandoned tribes to
  the mercy of the Rebels
• Many attempted to form ill devised and honored
  treaties with the United States