Certification Training

1
Certification Training
2
Pork Quality Assurance Plus
I
PQA Plus is composed of two main elements

• Food Safety
• Animal Well-being

3
Elements

1. Certification for individuals
2. Site Status for sites(farms)
3. Third-party verification process

4
We Care

• Ethical Principles
• Produce safe food
• Protect and promote animal well-being
• Ensure practices to protect public health
• Safeguard natural resources
• Provide a work environment that is safe
• Contribute to a better quality of life in our
  communities

5
Basis for the 10 GPPs

• Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
  principles (HACCP)
• The Food and Drug Administrations Compliance
  Policy Guide (CPG) 7125.37 Proper Drug Use and
  Residue Avoidance by Non-veterinarians.
• The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act
  (AMDUCA) of 1994
• Science-based animal care and well-being
  guidelines.

6
Good Production Practices (GPPs)
I
The PQA Plus program is built upon

• 10 Good Production Practices

7
GPP 1
Establish and implement an efficient and
effective herd health management plan.
8
Herd Health Management Plan
1

• Should include
• Regular herd evaluations by a veterinarian
• Biosecurity
• Rodent pest control
• Cleaning disinfecting procedures

9
Regular veterinary health evaluations
1

• Fulfill VCPR requirements
  (Veterinary/Client/Patient Relationship)
• Help determine current herd health status
• Provide fresh set of eyes
• Provide opportunity to plan and strategize

10
Biosecurity
1

• Managing to prevent the transmission of diseases
  and disease agents
• External
• Keeping disease out of the herd
• Internal
• Preventing disease movement within the herd

11
Biosecurity
1

• Develop SOPs for biosecurity that may include
• Limiting visitors and other traffic
• Isolating incoming animals
• Using all-in, all-out flow
• Using shower-in, shower-out
• Keeping facility clean
• Knowing your herd disease profile

12
Rodent and pest control
1

• Rodents and other pests are biosecurity hazards
• Pests also include Birds, insects, cats dogs

• Prevent entry into facilities
• Remove food sources
• Remove living hiding spaces
• Bait trap

13
Cleaning disinfecting procedures
1

• Remove organic matter
• Manure, bedding, etc
• Thoroughly clean building and equipment
• Disinfect
• Allow to dry before repopulating

14
GPP 1 - Summary

• A herd health management plan should
• include these important components
• Regular herd evaluations by a veterinarian
• Biosecurity
• Rodent pest control
• Cleaning disinfecting procedures

15
GPP 2
Use an appropriate veterinarian/client/patient
relationship (VCPR) as the basis for medication
decision-making.
16
Veterinary/Client/Patient Relationship
2

• A VCPR as defined by the U.S. Code of Federal
  Regulations (21 CFR Part 530) includes
• A veterinarian assumes the role of making medical
  judgments for animals and owner/animal caretaker
  agrees to follow the veterinarians instructions
• The veterinarian has sufficient knowledge of the
  herd/animals
• The veterinarian is available for follow-up care
• Such a relationship can exist only when the
  veterinarian has recently seen and is
  personally acquainted with the keeping and care
  of the animals by virtue of examination of the
  animals and/or by medically appropriate and
  timely visits to the premises where the animals
  are kept.

17
AMDUCA
2

• Federal Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification
  Act (AMDUCA) of 1994
• Permits extra-label drug use by veterinarian with
  a VCPR
• Risks are increased, extended withdrawal times
  may be necessary
• Treatment records should be kept by the producer
  for 1 year after the animal is marketed
• Does not include medicated feeds,
  including VFD feeds

18
Animal Drug Categories
2

• Over-the-Counter (OTC)
• Prescription (Rx)
• Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)

19
Over-the-Counter (OTC)
2

• Widely available
• Farm stores, mail-order, veterinary clinics
• No purchase restrictions
• Must be used according to label

20
Prescription (Rx)
2

• Available only through veterinarians, pharmacists
  or distributors with a prescription on file
• Requires veterinary order
• Must be used according to label and/or any
  additional veterinarians directions

21
Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) Drug
2

• Antimicrobial used in or on feed
• Use requires a VFD order issued within a VCPR
• VFD allows producer to purchase medicated feed
  with a VFD drug
• Records must be maintained for 2 years

22
Extra-label Drug Use
2

• Examples of extra-label use include
• Increasing the dosage
• Changing the frequency of administration
• Changing the route of administration
• Changing the duration of treatment
• Treating a disease or condition not on the label
• Changing species or life stage on the label
• Legal only if on the order of a licensed
  veterinarian.
• Extra-label use is NEVER legal for a VFD.

23
Compounding
2

• AMDUCA also allows a veterinarian with a VCPR to
  compound drugs for the client.
• Combining two or more FDA-approved drugs
• Veterinarian assumes responsibility for safety
  and efficacy of compound

24
Residue Testing
2

• If the residue status of an animal or group is in
  doubt, conduct a residue test.
• This may be due to
• ID tags or markings missing
• Accidental animal access to medicated feed
• Lost or damaged records

25
GPP 2 - Summary

• Veterinary/Client/Patient Relationship
• Veterinarian has assumed responsibility for
  making medical judgments
• Owner or other caretaker agrees to follow the
  instructions of the veterinarian
• VCPR only exists when a veterinarian has recently
  seen and is personally acquainted with the
  keeping and care of the animal(s)
• Approved animal drug categories
• Over-the-Counter (OTC)
• Prescription (Rx)
• Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)
• Only when a VCPR exists - FDA approved drugs can
  legally be used in food-producing animals in a
  way other than directed on the label
• Extra label use is prohibited in medicated feeds
• According to FDA, VFD records must be kept
• for 2 years

26
GPP 3
Use antibiotics responsibly.
27
Use antibiotics responsibly
3

• The basis for using antibiotics responsibly
  during pork production in order to protect public
  health involves
• Evaluating their use to protect animal health
• Optimizing their effectiveness, and
• Minimizing the risk of developing antibiotic
  resistance

28
Three Purposes of Antibiotics
3
Pork producers use antibiotics for three purposes

• Treatment of illness
• Prevention of disease
• Improvement of nutritional efficiency

29
Take steps to decrease the need for antibiotics

• Preventive strategies can help decrease the need
  for antibiotics
• Biosecurity programs
• Appropriate animal husbandry
• Hygiene
• Routine health monitoring
• Vaccination programs

30
Assess the advantages/disadvantages

1. Other management options should be considered
2. Treat only as long as needed
3. Review the need for continuing preventative
   antibiotic therapy
4. Consider other impacts of using antibiotics

31
Use antibiotics only when they provide
measurable benefits

1. Assess the benefits of all uses
2. Assessment should be based on scientific data

32
Responsible Use Guidelines
3

• Use veterinary input as the basis for all
  medication decision-making
• Use antibiotics for treatment only when there is
  an appropriate clinical diagnosis
• Limit antibiotic treatment to ill or at-risk
  animals
• Antibiotics that are important in treating
  antibiotic resistant infections in human or
  veterinary medicine should be used in animals
  only after careful review and reasonable
  justification.
• Minimize environmental exposure

33
GPP 3 - Summary

• Pork producers use antibiotics for three
  purposes
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Nutritional Efficiency
•  
• Principles and guidelines for responsible
  antibiotic use
• Take appropriate steps to decrease need
• Assess the advantages and disadvantages of all
  uses
• Use only when they provide measurable benefits
• Use professional veterinary input
• Used for treatment only when there is an
  appropriate clinical diagnosis
• Treat the fewest animals indicated
• Use only after careful review and reasonable
  justification
• Minimize environmental exposure

34
GPP 4
Identify, track and maintain medication and
treatment records for all treated animals.
35
Identification of Treated Animals
4
Treated pigs, or groups of treated pigs, must be
identifiable from the time of treatment until the
withdrawal time has elapsed.
36
Individual Identification
4
Individual animals may be identified with

• ID cards - Work best with adult animals housed
  singly
• Paint marks - Short term, rub off easily
• Tattoos - Permanent, harder to apply and read
• Ear tags - Easy to see, cumbersome to apply, can
  be lost
• Ear notches Permanent, requires
  familiarization with
  site-specific system

37
Group Identification
4

• Treated animals housed in a group may be
  identified by
• Pen or room number
• Group (building or site)
• Groups must remain intact until the withdrawal
  time has elapsed. Any animals removed must be
  identified individually.

38
Medication and Treatment Records
5
Records on treated animals should be maintained
for these purposes

• Food safety Ensure that withdrawal time has
  elapsed
• Regulatory Documentation of proper drug usage
• Management Analyzing and planning production

Treatment records should be kept for 12 months.
39
FDA Compliance Policy Guide (CPG 7125.37)
5

• Minimum FDA required recordkeeping includes

Date Animal ID Product name Amount given Route Given by Withdrawal time
9-17-XX 145 Penicillin 2cc IM Chuck 7 days


40
GPP 4 Summary

• Records on treated animals should be maintained
  for these purposes
• Food safety
• Regulatory
• Management
• There are various tools and methods of
  identifying treated pigs and groups of pigs.
• The FDA has developed minimum requirements
  expected of producers while maintaining
  medication and treatment records.
• Written record should be kept on file for one
  year after the hogs have been marketed.

41
GPP 5
Adhere to medication withdrawal times.
42
Withdrawal Times
5

• Withdrawal time is the length of time it takes
  for a medication level in the body to fall below
  the safe level for humans (as established by the
  FDA).

• Always read and understand the label, package
  insert, or feed tag

43
Maximum Residue Level (MRL)
5

• Other countries may require withdrawal times for
  products different than the
  United States.
• For more information on export MRLs visit
• http//www.pork.org

44
GPP 5 - Summary

• Withdrawal time - period required for the
  medication to be metabolized, broken-down, or
  excreted so that the level remaining in the body
  of the animal is below the level established as
  safe for humans
• Other countries may require withdrawal times
  different than the United States for some
  products

45
GPP 6
Properly store, label, and account for all drug
products and medicated feeds.
46
Medication Storage
6

• All medication should be treated as perishable
• Temperature Some require refrigeration, others
  fine at room temperature
• Sunlight Some require dark storage
• Expiration Check expiration date before using

Always read and follow storage instructions on
the label, tag, or insert.
47
Medication Storage
6

• Store injectables in clean, sealed containers
• Use clean needle to withdraw medication
• Feed pre-mixes should be stored in clean, dry
  pest-free areas
• Dispose of unwanted medications properly

48
Medication Identity
6

• Preserve the identity of medications
• Store medication in original container if
  possible
• Do not store medication in a syringe

49
Medication Labels
6
Labels contain the following important
information

• Trade name
• Active ingredient
• Indications
• Dosage and directions for use
• Precautions
• Cautions
• Warnings withdrawal times
• Manufacturers lot number
• Expiration date

50
Medication Inventory
6

• Drug inventory and usage records help to
• Monitor treatment trends
• Reconcile treatment records with inventory
• Prevent waste or theft

51
GPP 6 - Summary

• Drug labels contain the following information
• Trade name
• Active ingredient
• Indications
• Dosage and directions for use
• Precautions
• Cautions
• Warnings withdrawal times
• Manufacturers lot number
• Expiration date
• Always read and follow storage instructions on
  the label, tag, or insert.

52
GPP 7
Use proper administration techniques, needle-use
procedures, observance of withdrawal times and
methods to avoid marketing adulterated products
for human food.
53
Administering Medications
7

• Typical routes of medication delivery include
• Oral
• Topical
• Injectable

54
Administering Medications
7

• 1. Oral
• Given through the mouth
• Good for large groups of animals
• Water or feed delivery
• Reduced stress to animals receiving medication
  and caretakers giving it

55
Administering Medications
7
2. Topical

• Applied to the skin
• Sprays
• Dusts
• Pour-ons
• Dips

56
Administering Medications
7
3. Injectable

• Useful when treating individual animals
• Practical way of medicating pigs that are too
  sick to eat or drink and for some medications
  that are poorly absorbed from the gut

57
Administration of Injectable Drugs
7
Five Methods of Giving Injectable Medications

• In the muscle (Intramuscular - IM)
• Under the skin (Subcutaneous SQ)
• In the nasal passages (Intranasal IN)
• In the abdominal cavity (Intraperitoneal IP)
• In the vein (Intravenous IV)

58
Administration of Injectable Drugs
7
In the Muscle (Intramuscular - IM)

• Use spot on neck behind and below ear
• Do not use a needle to inject in the ham or loin
• If using an alternative technique, work with
  veterinarian or packer to determine acceptability
• Use proper needle gauge and length

59
Administration of Injectable Drugs
7
Under the skin (Subcutaneously - SQ)

• Inject only into clean, dry areas
• Use the proper length needle
• Insert at the proper angle

• Slide the needle under the skin away from the
  site of skin puncture before depositing the
  product

• Small pigs use the loose flaps of skin in the
  flank or behind the elbow
• Larger pigs inject in neck behind the ear

60
Administration of Injectable Drugs
7
Other Injection Methods

• In the nasal passages (Intranasal - IN)
• In the abdominal cavity (Intraperitoneal - IP)
• In the vein (Intravenous - IV)

Technique should only be used upon veterinary
guidance as serious injury, including death of
the pig, can occur.
61
Standard Operating Procedure for Needle Usage
7
A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for needle
usage should include

• Broken needle prevention
• Animal identification
• Packer notification procedures

62
SOP Points to Consider
7

• Evaluate the strength and detectability
  characteristics of the needles you are using
• 2. Provide needle-use
• guidelines to all animal
• caretakers
• NEVER straighten a bent needle!

63
SOP Points to Consider
7
Identification of hogs

• Establish a plan for identifying hogs known or
  suspected of harboring a broken needle
• Provide permanent ID
• Record all pertinent information
• Ensure employee training

64
SOP Points to Consider
7
Communications with your packer

• Find out from your packer their policies for
  at-risk pigs

65
Disposal of Sharps
7

• Needles, knife blades and syringes (sharps) must
  be disposed of properly according to your state
  or local regulations
• Use rigid, puncture-resistant container
• Container should be clearly labeled as a
  biohazard waste container
• When full, the cap should be securely tightened
  and sealed

66
GPP 7 - Summary

• Medications are commonly administered to pigs in
  three ways
• Orally
• Topically
• Injectable
• There are five ways to give injectable
  medications to pigs
• In the muscle (Intramuscular - IM)
• Under the skin (Subcutaneous SQ)
• In the nasal passages (Intranasal IN)
• In the abdominal cavity (Intraperitoneal IP)
• In the vein (Intravenous IV)
• Never straighten a bent needle.

67
GPP 8
Follow appropriate on-farm feed and commercial
feed processor procedures.
68
Feed Manufacturing
8
Goals for manufacturing quality feed include

• Meets nutritional specifications
• Meets desired medication level (if medicated)
• Free of contaminants (or below tolerance levels)

69
Medicated Feed and cGMPs
8

• Guidelines for processing medicated feed are
  known as current Good Manufacturing Practices
  (cGMPs) and set standards for
• Manufacturing facilities
• Ingredients
• Manufacturing processes
• Monitoring
• Labeling
• Recordkeeping

70
cGMPs
8

• Buildings and grounds Clean, adequate space,
  pest controls in place
• Equipment Capable of task, in good repair,
  accurate meters and scales
• Workspace and storage Designed to prevent
  contamination, physically separated from other
  areas

71
cGMPs
8

• Product Quality Assurance
• Consider analyzing feeds periodically
• Establish equipment cleanout procedures
• Labeling
• Receive, handle, and store medications and their
  labels in a way that prevents confusion
• Recordkeeping
• Written inspection and production records kept
  for 1 year, samples of feed and ingredients kept
  for 6 months

72
Mixing Medicated Feeds
8

• Proper drug concentrations are important to
• Achieve desired benefits of the drug
• Prevent adverse health effects or violative
  residues

73
GPP 8 - Summary

• To prevent feed contamination current Good
  Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs) outline standards
  for
• Manufacturing facilities
• Ingredients
• Manufacturing processes
• Monitoring
• Labeling
• Recordkeeping

74
GPP 9
Develop, implement and document an animal
caretaker training program.
75
Caretaker and Employee Training
9
All animal caretakers involved in the herds
production must be trained and the training must
be documented.
76
PTSDR Method of Training

• Throughout a training program, a technique called
  the PTSDR method may be used to train others.

77
PTSDR Method of Training

• Step 1 Prepare Stage
• Focus on objectives and outcomes to achieve
  within the training
• Determine the time constraints needed for an
  employee to obtain a desired skill
• Identify any activities that should be
  implemented
• Gather the materials needed to carry out
  activities and the entire training program

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PTSDR Method of Training

• Step 2 Tell Stage
• Address the key points needed to obtain knowledge
  and skills
• Focus on objectives and outcomes identified in
  the Step 1
• Step 3 Show Stage
• Demonstrate how to complete the specific task

79
PTSDR Method of Training

• Step 4 Do Stage
• Learner practices what they have seen and heard
  in Steps 2 and 3
• Step 5 Review Stage
• Individual is evaluated on his or her performance
• After evaluation, the individual is given
  feedback and recommendations for improvement

80
Document Training

• Individual Development Plan

• Group Training Record

• Individual Training Record

81
GPP 9 - Summary

• All animal caretakers must be properly trained
• The PTSDR method may be used to train others and
  consists of five steps
• 1) Prepare, 2) Tell, 3) Show, 4) Do and 5)
  Review.
• Training must be documented

82
GPP 10
Provide proper swine care to improve swine
well-being.
83
Care and Well-being Principles
10
Proper swine care and well-being requires
commitment on the caretakers part.
84
Recordkeeping
10

• Veterinary/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)
• Medication and treatment records
• Caretaker training program including
• Euthanasia
• Animal handling
• Husbandry

85
Emergency Backup Support
10

• Written action plan
• Covers various emergencies fire, weather, power
  outage, etc...
• Telephone numbers for owner, veterinarian, fire
  and police
• Emergency detection system
• Alarms for power failure, drastic temperature
  changes
• Facility location may allow for visual detection
• Emergency backup system
• Automated intervention in the event of a
  mechanical ventilation failure
• Test backup system regularly

86
PQA Plus Site Assessment
10

• Provides a tool to benchmark and track the
  operation
• Allows for a fresh set of eyes to view the
  operation
• Sites should be assessed at least once every 3
  years

87
Daily Observation
10

• Routine observation
• Helps ensure prompt reaction to any needs
• Keep records of observations
• Seriously ill, non-ambulatory, or dead animals
• Should not go undetected
• Treatment pen

88
Animal Evaluation
10

• Production Performance
• Average Daily Gain
• Farrowing Rate
• Mortality
• Physical Evaluation
• Lameness
• Skin lesions (abscesses, wounds)
• Rectal prolapses
• Swine Behavior
• Indicator of care and suitability of facilities

89
Body Condition Score (BCS)
10

• Indicator of management and animal well-being

Score Condition Detection of ribs, backbone, H bones, and pin bones
1 Emaciated Obvious
2 Thin Easily detected with pressure
3 Ideal Barely felt with firm pressure
4 Fat None
5 Overly fat None
Taken from Assessing Sow Body Condition by R.
D. Coffey, G. R. Parker, and K. M. Laurent
(ASC-158 1999).
90
Body Space
10

• For pig space to be considered adequate the pig
  must be able to
• Easily lie down fully on its side (full lateral
  recumbency) without having to lie on another pig
  and easily stand back up
• Lie down without the head having to rest on a
  raised feeder
• Additionally, a pig housed in a stall must be
  able to lie down fully on its side (full lateral
  recumbency) without the head having to rest on a
  raised feeder and the rear quarters coming in
  contact with the back of the stall at the same
  time.

91
Euthanasia
10

• Written euthanasia plan which considers
• Human safety
• Pig well-being
• Practicality and technical skills
• Caretaker compliance
• Aesthetics
• Limitations
• Timely euthanasia
• Minimizes animal pain or distress
• No improvement or prospect for improvement after
  2 days
• Functional equipment available

92
Facilities
10

• Pen maintenance
• Pens and flooring in good repair, and appropriate
  for the phase of production, so as not to cause
  injury.
• Feeders and waterers in good state of repair to
  allow for unobstructed feed and water delivery
• Feeder space
• Ample space for daily ration consumption and
  prevention of unnecessary fighting and
  competition
• Water availability
• Sufficient flow rate

93
Proper Handling

• When pigs are improperly handled
• Sows do not produce to peak levels
• Incidence of non-ambulatory pigs" may increase
• Loading and unloading pigs may take longer and be
  more stressful
• Market pigs may lose weight
• Carcass shrink and/or trim loss may increase
• Meat quality will be affected
• Proper swine handling will
• Reduce stress
• Increase meat quality
• Reduce weight loss
• Reduce non-ambulatory pigs

94
Flight Zone

• Imaginary circle around an animal
• Entering a pigs flight zone causes the pig to
  move away
• Size varies from pig to pig
• Work from edge of flight zone

95
Point of Balance

• Located at animals shoulder
• Handler approaches from rear Animal moves
  forward
• Handler approaches from front Animal moves
  backward

96
Blind Spot

• Pigs
• Eyes are on sides of head
• Approximately 310 field of vision
• Will not move solely due to visual cue if handler
  approaches directly from rear blind spot

97
Following/Herding

• Pigs like to
• Stay in visual/physical contact
• Follow each other
• An advantage when moving pigs
• Up or down ramp/chute
• Through hallway/alleyway
• Into or out of a pen or room

98
People/Pig Interactions

• Pigs may not understand a handlers intentions
• Pigs experiencing positive interactions are
  typically
• Less fearful of handlers
• Easier to handle
• Walk pens daily

99
Proper Handling

• Handlers should
• Act calmly
• Avoid sudden movement, loud noises, other
  distractions
• Move pigs at their normal walking pace
• Avoid aggressive handling
• Aggressive handling includes
• Overuse, or improper use, of electric prods
• Loud noises and yelling
• Moving pigs too fast
• Moving too many pigs per group
• Overcrowding pigs in chutes, ramps and alleyways
• Rough physical contact
• Willful acts of abuse are unacceptable

100
Pig Types and Sizes

• Breeding Stock
• Piglets
• Nursery and Finisher Pigs

101
Breeding Stock

• Large, powerful pigs
• Sows, gilts, boars
• Use appropriate handling tools, not handlers
  body
• Can be unpredictable, aggressive
• Example Boars may use tusks as a form of defense
• Example Sows protecting a litter being processed
• Utilize known pig behavior
• Example Leave front door of stall open when
  loading from rear

102
Piglets

• May be safety challenge
• Sharp teeth
• Active (squirm, wiggle)
• Pick up piglets
• Under rib cage
• By a rear leg above the hock

103
Nursery and Finisher Pigs

• Work in handler pairs
• Use appropriate handling tools, not handlers body

104
Group Sizes

• Balance safety and efficiency
• Handler should always be able to control the lead
  pig

Pig type/size Suggested group size
Weaned piglets 20
Nursery pigs 10
Finished/Market pigs 3-5
Sows/Gilts 1-51
Boars 1-51
1Depending upon temperament and safety conditions, may require moving individually. 1Depending upon temperament and safety conditions, may require moving individually.
105
Non-ambulatory pigs

• Are unable to walk because they are
• Ill,
• Injured, or
• Fatigued.
• Should be
• Given medical treatment,
• Allowed to rest, or
• Humanely euthanized.
• The position of the National Pork Board is that
  any pig that is unable to walk or that is ill and
  will not recover should be humanely euthanized
  on the farm and not transported to market channel.

106
Tools and Equipment

• Tools can be used as a/an
• Physical barrier Sort board
• Visual barrier - Matadors cape
• Auditory stimulus Rattle/Shaker paddle
• Visual stimulus Nylon flag

107
Tools and Equipment

• Electric prods are stressful to pigs
• Avoid or minimize use
• Never prod sensitive areas
• Eyes
• Nose
• Anus
• Testicles
• Etc.
• Evaluate handling procedures and facilities if
  prod use is regular
• Should not be the primary handling tool

108
Ventilation
10

• Temperature
• Pig behavior is a good indicator of thermal
  comfort
• Heating/cooling provisions should be in place
• Air Quality
• Ammonia (NH3) lt 25 ppm

109
Willful Acts of Abuse
10

• Abuse and neglect are unacceptable
• Defined as acts outside of normally accepted
  production practices that intentionally cause
  pain and suffering including, but not limited to
• Applying prods to sensitive areas like eyes,
  ears, nose, rectum
• Malicious hitting/beating
• Purposeful failure to provide food, water or any
  minimal care
• Be familiar with local or state laws that address
  animal cruelty

110
GPP 10 - Summary

• Recordkeeping includes keeping records of a
  Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR),
  medication and treatment of animals, and of a
  caretaker training program
• It is also very important to have
• A written emergency action plan and an emergency
  backup system
• Daily observation of animals and facilities
• Appropriate animal evaluation
• Evaluation of body condition scores (BCS)
• Adequate pig space
• A written plan for euthanasia, and euthanasia
  performed in a timely manner
• Proper facility maintenance and management
• Correct use of animal handling tools and handling
  practices
• Adequate ventilation
• Willful acts of neglect or abuse are unacceptable

111
Thank you!