Global overview of marine fisheries by S.M. Garcia and I. De Leiva Moreno (FAO Fisheries Department)

1
Global overview of marine fisheriesby S.M.
Garciaand I. De Leiva Moreno(FAO Fisheries
Department)

• Prepared for the Reykjavic Conference on
  Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem,
  1-4 October 2001

2
Global overview of marine fisheriesby S.M.
Garciaand I. De Leiva Moreno(FAO Fisheries
Department)
Where do we stand ?

• Prepared for the Reykjavic Conference on
  Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem,
  1-4 October 2001

3
Outline

• The State of the Resources
• The Fishing Industry
• The Governance Approaches
• Conclusions

4
1. The State of the Resources

• Global Situation
• Global trends
• Regional perspective

5
Recovering
The state of stocks in 1999
Depleted
Overexploited
Fully exploited
Moderately exploited
Undeveloped
0
10
20
30
40
50
6
Global trend in landings
100
EEZs Claims
million tonnes)
50
Production (
1800
1840
1880
1920
1960
2000
Year
7
Trends in state of stocks
60
Fully Fished
50
40
Moderately fished UM
30
20
Overfished ODR
10
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
8
Development phases World
100
90
80
70
Phase III -
60
Mature
Percentage of resources
50
40
Phase II -
Developing
30
20
Phase I -
10
Undeveloped
0
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
9
Ratio between present and historical landings
0.14
1
.
Antarctic
ANT
2.
Atlantic, Southeast
0.39
ASE
3.
Pacific, Southeast
0.43
PSE
4.
Atlantic, Northwest
0.44
ANW
5.
Atlantic, Western Central
0.71
ACW
6.
Pacific, Eastern Central
0.73
PEC
7.
Med
it
. Black Sea
0.81
MBS
8.
Pacific, Northeast
0.83
PNE
9.
Atlantic Southwest
0.86
ASW
10.
Atlantic Eastern Central
0.87
AEC
11.
Atlantic Northeast
0.92
ANE
12.
Indian Western
0.94
IW
13.
Pacific Central Western
14.
Pacific Southwest
1.00
PCW
15.
Pacific Northwest
1.00
PSW
16.
Indian Eastern
1.00
PNW
1.00
IE
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
10
of Stocks Exploited Beyond MSY
50
40
30
20
10
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
11
of Stocks Exploited Beyond MSY
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
12
State of ICES Stocks 1970-1998
0
Good
1976
20
Buffer
40
60
Bad
80
80
100
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
13
2. The Fishing Industry

• The fishing fleet
• The fishers
• The technology
• Production and trade
• Contribution to food security

14
Trends in World Fleet Capacity
40
30
Gross Registered Tonnage (106 tons)
20
10
0
1990
2000
1970
1980
1960
15
Number of fishers

40
30
World fishers and fish farmers (in millions)
20
10
1965 1970 1975 1980
1985 1990 1995 2000
16
Fishing technology

• High technology adoption rate
• Improved fishing range and capacity
• Improved preservation and quality
• Improved safety on board
• Reduced environmental impact
• Improved MCS

17
Production of marine fisheries
18
Rate of increase of landings
0.15
0.10
0.05
Annual rate of increase
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
19
Fish trade
20
Fish and food security
11.0
0.90
10.0
0.80
9.0
0.70
8.0
Marine food / capita
used for human food
0.60
7.0
0.50
6.0
0.40
5.0
4.0
0.30
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
21
2. The Governance

• Approaches
• Performance
• Implementation problems
• Regional fishery bodies
• Improved frameworks
• Ecosystemic considerations
• The FAO Code of Conduct

22
Management approaches

• No global inventory
• No universal approach
• Mainly free and open access
• Some limited-entry systems
• Few rights-based systems
• Abundance of technical measures
• New global focus capacity control, MCS, IUU,
  by-catch, vulnerable species, critical habitats,
  coral reefs, MPAs,.

23
Management performance

• There is room for improvement!
• overfishing, collapses, endangered species
• overcapacity, subsidies, economic inefficiencies
• environmental variability Forecasting
• environmental impact of fishing habitat,
  discards
• environmental impact on fishery resources
• compliance (IUU)
• Ineffective regional fishery bodies.
• Integration into coastal areas management

24
Implementation problems

• There are enough principles and guidance, but
• Equity problems allocation
• lack of institutional capacity (e.g.
  decentralization)
• declining capacity in conventional research and
  statistics
• lack of capacity in the new research required
• less than effective regional fishery bodies
• impact of globalization
• Broadening requirements (ecosystems, integration)
• Mismatch between ecosystems and jurisdiction
  boundaries

25
Regional Fishery Bodies

• Not effective enough. Not enough power.
• failure to accept and implement international
  instruments
• lack of willingness to delegate responsibility
• ineffective enforcement of management measures
• lack of secretariat resources and capacity
• weak decision-making processes
• weak conflict-resolution mechanisms
• inadequate scientific support
• lax use of the scientific advice received.

26
Improved Frameworks

• Significant improvement in a decade!
• Formal recognition of the overfishing/overcapacity
  issue
• UNCED (1992)
• Compliance Agreement (1993)
• 1982 Convention intered into force (1994)
• UN Fish Stock Agreement (1995)
• FAO Code of Conduct (1995) and guidelines
• FAO IPOAs
• Formal recognition of the need for an ecosystem
  approach

27
Ecosystemic Considerations

• Significant changes occurred in the decade!
• Conventional management weakly ecosystemic
• Awareness has raised since UNCED (1992)
• New instruments are available (CBD)
• New programmes are ongoing (ICRI, MPAs)
• New collaborations build up e.g. FAO-CITES,
  FAO-UNEP
• Precautionary approach
• Sustainability indicators

28
FAO Code of Conduct
Reflects consensus about

• conservation of the aquatic ecosystems ,
  monitoring minimisation of environmental
  impacts of fishing and non-fishing activities
• protection and restoration of fishery resources,
  their environment, critical habitats,
  biodiversity, associated and dependent species,
  and endangered species
• prohibition of destructive fishing
• the precautionary approach
• participatory management
• risks related to climate change

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Conclusions
30
The Resources

• Many resources require significant improvement in
  governance to recover or avoid being overfished
• The precautionary approach may help if fully
  applied, using MSY as a limit.
• Risk assessment and risk management need to
  become standard approaches
• An ecosystem perspective is required

31
Proportion of stocks in "good" or "bad" state
0
50
100
50
100
PSE AEC MBS ANT ANE ASW PNE PNW ACW PEC IE ANW PCW
IW PSW
PEC PSW ANT PCW PNW IE ANW ASW MBS ANE ASE AEC PSE
IW ACW
GOOD
BAD
GOOD
BAD
A if fishing at MSY is good B if fishing
at MSY is bad
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The Fishing Industry

• It achieved a lot in a difficult environment
• It provides significant benefits
• It benefited a lot from Governments
• It is confronted with increasing societal
  requirements and a declining resource base
• Its role is fundamental.
• It cannot afford not to face responsibilities.

Its own sustainability is at stake!!!
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The Governance

• Conventional governance has spread
• It faces large scale social, economic and
  environmental problems
• It has improved its framework...but
• ...needs much stronger political will
• Its resources might be insufficient to face
  broadening societal requirements
• More attention to small-scale fisheries is needed.

34
Fisheries at the crossroad

• Fisheries have significantly contributed to human
  development and can still do so
• There are problem areas and avenues for positive
  change
• Change will never be at no cost but

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Global overview of marine fisheries
The status quo is not an option !
Thank you