Moving West

1
Moving West
From the hand in the Mediterranean
To the boot
2
Ancient Italy
3
Ancient Rome

• No one knows exactly how Rome was founded or who
  the first king was.
• Romulus and Remus myths
• Father was Jupiter
• Raised by wolves
• Romulus killed Remus arguing over name
• Rome named after Romulus
• First known people to control the area where Rome
  is were the Latins.
• They invaded Italy sometime before 1,000 BCE

4
Ancient Rome

• Around 700 BCE
• Latins had a village on the Palatine hill that
  overlooks the Tiber River
• Later this village would turn into Rome
• The great city of Rome would cover the Palatine
  hill and the six other hills around it.

5
Ancient Rome

• Latins were the first group to control the area,
  but the culture in Rome was influenced by
  neighboring cultures as well.
• The Etruscans and Greeks greatly influenced the
  people of Rome

6
Ancient Rome Etruscan Influence

• Etruscans were located north of the Palatine hill
• First evidences of them are around 800 BCE
• No one knows where they came from
• By 600 BCE they would control all of northern and
  central Italy

7
Ancient Rome Etruscan Influence

• Engineering
• Arches two pillars, wedge-shaped stones

8
Ancient Rome Etruscan Influence

• Engineering
• Cuniculus underground trench with vertical
  shafts to the surface. Carried water to fields,
  cities, sewers, drained swamps, etc.

9
Ancient Rome Etruscan Influence

• Sports
• Slave fighting When their masters died, it was
  part of the celebration at the funeral.
• Fight to the death. Winners would be
  congratulated and then executed.

10
Ancient Rome Etruscan Influence

• Sports
• Full contact chariot racing

11
Ancient Rome Greek Influence

• Greeks had established colonies in southern Italy
  and Sicily
• Through these colonies Romans were exposed to
  Greek culture

12
Ancient Rome Greek Influence

• Architecture
• Greece Public buildings carved in marble
• Rome Public buildings out of concrete

13
Ancient Rome Greek Influence

• Architecture
• Greece Theatre of Dionysus (1,000)
• Rome Circus Maximus (200,000)

14
Ancient Rome Greek Influence

• Writing
• Alphabet Greek alphabet was borrowed by the
  Etruscans, who changed it. Then the Romans took
  the Etruscan alphabet and changed it.

15
Ancient Rome Greek Influence

• Writing
• Carved Laws into plaques and pillars on public
  buildings
• Poems and Myths from Greece fascinated the Romans
  
• Note All of the 50 states laws are based on
  Roman Laws except Louisiana which are French
  based.

16
Ancient Rome Greek Influence

• Art
• Pottery, painting, sculpture
• Wealthy Romans collected Greek art
• Romans copied Greek art so closely, their art is
  called Greco-Roman art

17
Ancient Rome Greek Influence

• Religion
• Romans had own gods at first, then blended their
  gods with Greek gods
• Romans didnt produce mythological stories the
  way that Greece had done

18
Ancient Rome

• How do we start out every unit?

MAP
19
(No Transcript)
20
Warm Up
Who were the three main cultures in Italy when
Rome was founded?
21
Ancient Italy
22
Ancient Rome Early Days

• Rome was ruled by Etruscan kings from 616 509
  BCE
• In 509 BCE the Romans overthrew the Etruscan king
• Now they have the right to rule themselves.
  Which government would work best for them?

23
Overthrowing the King

• The Story
• Two Etruscan princes and a Roman (Lucius Junius
  Brutus) went to Delphi in Greece
• They wanted to consult the famous oracle at
  Delphi

24
Overthrowing the King

• The Oracle said the next man to kiss his mother
  would rule Rome
• At that point, Brutus tripped, hitting his lips
  on the ground. Therefore, he kissed the earth,
  the mother of all living things

25
Ancient Rome Early Days

• Having confidence from this experience, Brutus
  led a revolt and took Rome
• What style of government would they create?

26
Ancient Rome early days

• Government
• Rome sets up a republic. Elected officials
  represent the people
• Two kinds of people
• Patricians
• Plebeians

27
Ancient Rome Patricians

• To be a patrician
• Owned most valuable land
• Held military office
• Religious Leader

28
Ancient Rome Plebeian

• To be a plebeian
• Craftspeople
• Shopkeepers
• Laborers
• Peasants

29
Ancient Rome Republic

• Represent the people
• The problem was that it only represented one kind
  of people the patricians
• Only Patricians could vote for the senate

30
Ancient Rome The Senate

• 300 elected positions
• Served for life
• Appointed government officials and judges

31
Ancient Rome Republic

• In addition to the senate, patricians also
  elected two consuls in charge of military

32
Ancient Rome Republic

• Whatever the Senate decided was law, but it was
  never written down.
• Laws frequently changed

33
Ancient Rome Republic
Conflict of Orders

• Plebeians
• Began demanding rights.
• Got heated during times of war
• Patricians decided to go to war and Plebeians
  were the ones who had to fight

34
Ancient Rome Republic

• 494 BCE
• Rome has a population of 35,000
• 95 are Plebeians
• They marched out of Rome and sat on a nearby hill
  until their demands were met

35
Ancient Rome Conflict of Orders

• 494 BCE
• No work got done in Rome
• Farms, shops, trading, no standing army inside of
  Rome
• Patricians had to compromise

36
Ancient Rome Republic

• The Compromise
• Plebeians could elect own officials into a group
  called Tribunes of the Plebs
• Started with 2 tribunes but later grew to 10
• Later they would receive the power to veto the
  senate

37
Ancient Rome - Republic

• Another group Council of Plebs
• Created laws for Plebeians only
• Plebeians fought for equality another 200 years

38
Rome a Republic

• 451 Plebeians demanded laws be written down
• Twelve Tables
• 367 One of the two consuls of the military had
  to be plebeian
• 287 Plebeians could pass laws for all Roman
  citizens

39
Balance of power
Checks and balances
Right to veto
40
Warm Up
What type of people would be considered
patricians?
41
Yesterday

• Early Rome
• Brutus and the Oracle of Delphi
• Patricians vs. Plebeians

42
Romans Four Periods of History

• Period ONE
• 509 264 BCE
• Etruscan king thrown out and Romans set up
  Republic
• Romans must control borders

43
Romans Period One

• For 245 years the Romans fight numerous battles
  to maintain control of their city.

44
Period One

• 390 BCE Rome nearly comes to an end
• Gauls attack Rome, crush the main part of the
  Roman army, and loot Rome
• The Roman people fled to the countryside, the
  Gauls looted Rome and burned nearly all of it to
  the ground

45
Period One

• Rome was rebuilt and reinforced with walls.
• 300s BCE Romans defeat Etruscans in the North
• Romans would defeat the Samnites, Latins, and
  Greek cities in the south
• By 275 BCE Rome had conquered Italy

46
Ancient Rome Period One

• The best way to erase an enemy is to make them a
  friend
• After conquering Rome, would make them allies

47
Ancient Rome Period Two

• 264 146 BCE
• Growth of Rome threatening Carthage
• Rome fights three wars with Carthage

48
Who is Carthage?

• A powerful city in North Africa
• They controlled North Africa, Spain, and part of
  Sicily/Controls trade in the western
  Mediterranean

49
Period Two

• Carthage would often interfere with trading in
  the Greek cities in the south of Italy
• When Rome conquered these cities, they would
  clash with Carthage
• They would fight three wars, called the Punic
  Wars

50
First Punic War

• 264 241 BCE
• Fought mainly at sea
• Carthage was known for their mighty navy
• Rome had copied the Carthaginian ship designs and
  made improvements

51
First Punic War

• 241 BCE a Roman victory secured an end to the
  First Punic War
• Rome receives Sicily and other minor islands

52
Second Punic War

• 218 196 BCE
• Carthage attacks Italy
• Hannibal (Carthages best general) shipped his
  troops to Spain, crosses the alps, and attacks
  Italy from the north

53
Second Punic War

• Braved snowstorms, attacks from small tribes,
  landslides, and more to attack Italy from the
  north

54
Second Punic War

• While Hannibal attacked Italy from the north,
  Rome left enough men there to defend
• The rest of the Roman army went to Carthage

55
Second Punic War

• 202 BCE, Hannibal must return home to defend
  Carthage
• Romans gain victory
• They are awarded Spain and large amounts of money

56
Third Punic War

• For 50 years, there was peace between Rome and
  Carthage
• Until, a senator named Cato demanded the
  destruction of Carthage

57
Third Punic War

• 149 146 BCE
• The Romans would burn Carthage to the ground
• Many in Carthage were killed others sold into
  slavery
• By the end of the Punic Wars, Rome controlled
  North Africa, Spain, Italy, Macedonia and Greece

58
End of Punic Wars
59
Rome Third Period

• 145 44 BCE
• Wars now happening within
• Italian allies resent having to pay taxes to
  fight Roman wars when they are not given the same
  rights as Roman citizens
• Rome decides that all free Italians can become
  Roman citizens

60
Rome Third Period

• Romans had brought conquered peoples into Italy
  to be slaves
• Hundreds of thousands of slaves in Italy unite
  behind a man named Spartacus
• 73 BCE

61
Rome Third Period

• Romans squash the rebellion
• Spartacus is killed in battle
• The survivors of Spartacus army are given the
  death sentence

62
Rome Third Period

• With so many slaves doing the work, farmers,
  laborers, and peasants were out of jobs
• Thousands of them crowded in Rome
• Angry mobs were forming and waiting for someone
  to lead them
• In one battle, 200,000 Romans were killed

63
Rome Third Period

• 49 BCE
• Two generals would come back from fighting in far
  away lands

POMPEY
CAESAR
64
Pompey

• Expanded Roman rule to Syria and Cyprus
• Came back to Rome to attempt to rule
• Gains control of the Senate

65
Julius Caesar

• Expanded Roman rule to Gaul
• On his way back to Rome to attempt to rule
• Was stopped at the Rubicon River

66
Rome Third Period

• Pompey had gotten the support of the senate
• The senate forbade Caesar from coming into Rome
• On January 11, 49 BCE Caesar says the words
  iacta alea est

67
Caesar

• In defiance of the senate, Caesar marches on
  Rome.
• For three years, he and Pompey fight.
• Finally, Pompey is defeated.
• The senate is terrified and makes a quick
  decision to make Julius Caesar dictator for life.

68
(No Transcript)
69
Republic OVER!
70
Warm Up
What happened as a result of Julius Caesar
deciding to cross the Rubicon?
71
Yesterday

• Period 1 Rome takes over Italy
• Period 2 Punic Wars with Carthage
• Period 3 Problems within, Caesar

72
Romans Four Periods of History

• Period Four
• 44 BCE - 14 CE
• Republic has ended, Caesar is dictator

73
Romans Period Four

• Problems Caesar inherited
• Thousands of Romans unemployed
• Rome is a negative, criticizing group of people
• Maintaining borders in foreign lands

74
Problem One Unemployment

• Caesar began huge public building projects and
  road improvements
• This created thousands of jobs in Rome

75
Problem Two Negative Vibe

• Caesar creates a distraction through
  entertainment
• Gladiator fights in the Coliseum

76
Problem Three Maintaining Borders

• Caesar had a vision of a Roman Empire
• He began building new cities in Gaul and Spain.
  The people living in those cities would be
  granted Roman citizenship

77
Julius Caesar

• The people of Rome loved Caesar
• Rome was stable again and people were working
• The more popular Caesar got the more enemies he
  made in the Senate

78
The Senate

• March 15, 44 BCE
• As Caesar enters the Senate, he is approached by
  his good friend Brutus and Marc Antony
• As they have a short conversation, more senators
  come from behind Caesar

79
Death of Caesar

• Caesar is stabbed to death

80
Death of Caesar

• The people loved Caesar
• This could create an uproar in Rome
• Marc Antony speaks to the people at Caesars
  funeral

81
After Caesar

• More than 10 years of civil war
• Some senators wanted the same power that Caesar
  had
• Some senators wanted to go back to a republic

82
The Successor to Caesar

• His grandnephew
• Octavian

83
Octavian

• First thing Octavian does is kill all his rivals
• Marc Antony was the most difficult
• He fled to his wife in Egypt
• Octavian catches him in Actium, Greece

84
Octavian

• After killing his rivals, he wins support of the
  Senate by promising to place power back in their
  hands
• The Senate calls him Augustus which means
  honored
• In reality, Octavian will become Romes first
  emperor

85
Octavian

• Encouraged education, art, literature
• Began grand construction projects
• Repaired 80 temples
• Started the first police and firefighting squads

AGE
86
Octavian

• Ruled over 50 million people
• Pushed the Roman Empire to natural boudaries

87
Octavian

• Improved trade by building new harbors, canals,
  roads
• Made roman coins the same money throughout the
  empire
• Traded from Spain to China

88
Octavian

• Began a secret service for his protection called
  the Praetorian Guard
• Established peace throughout empire for many
  years. This time is called the Pax Romana, which
  means Roman Peace

89
Warm Up
Select one of Romes first 5 emperors and explain
what happened during their reign.
90
Yesterday Life in Rome

• Paul
• Romes first 5 emperors

91
First Five Emperors

• Augustus began empire, focused on military,
  ignored
• people
• Tiberius awful, tyrant
• Caligula awful for obvious reasons
• Claudius awful, tyrant
• Nero as evil as a ruler can be

92
Today

• Romes All-Star Team
• ----Five Good Emperors

93
Romes five good emperors

• Sandwiched between two awful rulers.
• These five good emperors have plenty in common
  that made them good

94
Domitian

• Ruled 81 96 CE
• Son of Vespasian
• Assassinated by court officials

95
Domitian

• Killed the most noble men
• Wealthy were accused of treason and had their
  wealth taken from them
• Developed new forms of torture
• Added the third tier to the coliseum and cells
  and passages under
• Was defeated by the Dacians, but came back to
  Rome to celebrate his victory
• Plotted to kill his wife. She learned about it
  and had him killed

96
Nerva

• Ruled 96-98 CE
• Appointed by the senate
• Died of natural causes

97
Nerva

• Ended the treason trials
• Promised no senators would be murdered in his
  reign
• Freed men Domitian had arrested
• Returned all possessions Domitian had taken
• Never gained support of the army

98
Trajan

• Ruled 98 117
• Adopted son of Nerva
• Died of natural causes

99
Trajan

• Building programs Trajans Forum, Trajans
  Market, Trajans Column
• Expanded Empire making it larger and wealthier
  than ever
• Mined for Gold

100
Hadrian

• Ruled 117 138 CE
• Adopted son of Trajan
• Died of natural causes

101
Hadrian

• Built Hadrians Wall, Pantheon, Temple of Venus
• Traveled to nearly every extent of the empire
• More rigorous military training
• Sought to change the capital to Athens

102
Antoninus Pius

• Ruled 138 161 CE
• Adopted son of Hadrian
• Died of natural causes

103
Antoninus Pius

• Emptied his treasury to the poorest provinces
• Never left Rome
• Historians remember him as a great peacemaker or
  weak ruler

104
Marcus Aurelius

• Ruled 161 180
• Adopted son of Antoninus Pius
• Died of natural causes

105
Marcus Aurelius

• Ruled with Lucius Verus until Lucius died
• Defended Rome against Parthian Empire and
  Germanic tribes
• In 162 CE the Tiber River flooded worse than
  ever. Drowning animals and ruining crops.

106
Commodus

• Ruled 177 192
• Son of Marcus Aurelius
• Assassinated in his palace strangled to death

107
Commodus

• Reign described as taking Rome "from a kingdom of
  gold to one of rust and iron"
• Not interested in overseeing governmental
  responsibilities
• The senate hated him, the people loved him
• He brought back their gladiator games and even
  participated

108
Warm UP

• List the five good emperors of Rome and what you
  know about them.

109
Last time

• Romes Five Good Emperors
• -Nerva
• -Trajan
• -Hadrian
• -Antoninus Pius
• -Marcus Aurelius

110
Today Life in Rome

• Almost 1 million people living in Rome
• Beautiful temples, government buildings, gardens
• Most people live in apartments on dirty, narrow
  streets
• These conditions increase disease and crime
• Most children are lucky to live past 10

111
Life in Rome

• All Roads Lead to Rome
• Foreigners from all over the empire come to Rome,
  bringing silk, perfume, jeweled weapons,
  instruments

112
Today

• What was life like at this time in Rome
• Law and Order Religion
• Family Life Education
• City Life Food
• Country Life Recreation

113
We will have to look at all of these areas in two
ways

• Rich

• Poor

114
Law and Order - Rich

• Senate still active, but emperor has final say
• Bodyguards protect senators with fasces
• Rome sets up trial by jury of citizens

115
Law and Order - Poor

• Crime increasing in apartment complexes
• Poor receive harsher punishments than the rich
• Poor often dont get justice

116
Family Life - Rich

• Father rules family and provides
• Mother runs house, trains slaves, could work, own
  land
• Babies inspected by father, any flaws-cast out
• At 9 days old, boys would receive their bulla
• From 14 -18 years old, offered bulla to gods and
  became a man
• Girls became women when they were married

117
Family Life - poor

• Fathers working to support family
• Mothers work too, if they could find a job
• Kept their babies, not sure if they would survive

118
City Life - Rich

• Stone/marble homes
• Thick walls
• Atrium foyer, pool, skylights
• Dining room fanciest room, paintings and
  mosaics, statues in corners, fountains

119
City Life - poor

• Small, dark apartments
• Typically above shops where they worked
• Rats and fire became a huge problem
• Wooden homes with no kitchen
• Would use small grills inside
• Typically filled the home with smoke

120
Country Life Rich

• 90 of all people lived in the country
• Estates with huge villas
• Grain for bread, grapes, olives
• Goats, sheep,
• cattle, pigs,
• bees
• Slaves

121
Country Life - Poor

• Huts
• Small farms
• Work on estates of rich

122
Religion Rich

• Part of daily life
• Visit temple, leave sacrifice, honey cakes, etc.
• If someone hurt, leave
• clay sculpture of body
• part
• Celebrate festivals and
• holidays

123
Religion Poor

• Part of daily life
• Set up personal altars in homes.
• A mantle above the fireplace would hold wooden or
  clay sculptures of gods

124
Food and Drink Rich

• Fast food
• Kitchen
• Bread, beans, spices, veggies, cheese, meat
• Water, hot water with herbs and honey, wine

125
Food and Drink Poor

• Fast food
• Small grills
• Bread, beans, spices, veggies, cheese, meat
• Water, hot water with herbs and honey, wine

126
Education Rich

• Boys and girls tutored by dad or slave until age
  6 or 7
• Public buildings held classes taught by Greek
  slaves
• Students leave home early in the morning and they
  would travel with a leather bag strapped on their
  back

127
Education Rich

• Boys would learn Latin, Greek, math, science,
  literature, music, public speaking
• Girls would learn dentistry, real estate, nursing
• Most students stopped at age 12 or 13
• The wealthiest would continue to 16

128
Education Poor

• Learned skills for working
• Taught by family or became an apprentice of a
  family friend

129
Recreation Rich

• Wealthy had a lot of time for recreation
• Theatre for plays and music
• Public bath for bathing, swimming, steamers,
  massages
• Public baths included gardens, library, shops,
  art galleries

130
Recreation Poor

• Coliseum
• Gladiator fights
• men and women sat separately
• Circus Maximus
• Chariot races
• men and women sat together

131
Life in Rome

• If this is the way life was in Rome at the time
  of Nero, why would there be a problem with
  Christians coming into the city?

132
The Problem with Christians

• Christians refused to worship Roman gods and
  taught about a God that was superior to Jupiter
• Romans enjoyed a life of wealth and luxury, but
  Christians taught to reject this and live a life
  of simplicity.
• Rome had built its empire with a strong army, but
  Christians taught not to fight but to love your
  enemies

133
Harsh Treatment

• As Christians were killed in various ways, they
  would pray and sing hymns
• This won the respect of many people
• Christianity spread throughout Rome

134
Chapter 36

• The Origins and Spread of Christianity

135
36.1 Introduction

• Christians
• followers of Jesus Christ
• Beliefs
• Jesus crucified during the 1st century by the
  Romans
• Jesus was the Son of God and rose from the dead
• Holy Trinity of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost
• Apostles
• Original followers of Jesuse
• Romans
• Christianity was a threat
• Christians would not recognize the emperor as a
  god
• Constantine
• Moved the capital of Rome to Constantinople
• Roman Emperor who converted to Christianity
• Eighty years later Christianity declared as the
  official religion of the Roman Empire

136
36.2 Judea The Birthplace of Christianity

• Judea
• born in Bethlehem (City of David)
• Bethlehem eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea
• Area called Judea by the Romans
• Part of the ancient Kingdom of King David
• Came under Roman rule in 63 B.C.E.
• Jews rebelled several times
• Herod appointed by Romans in 37 B.C.E.

137
36.2 Judea The Birthplace of Christianity

• Herod
• 37 B.C.E appointed by Romans to rule Judea
• Converted to Judaism
• Rebuilt the Temple of Jerusalem (Solomons
  Temple)
• Died 4 B.C.E. kingdom split between 3 sons
• Jews rebel under Herods sons rule
• Romans send soldiers to restore order
• Herods sons replaced by Roman governor called a
  Prefect

138
36.2 Judea The Birthplace of Christianity

• Roman Prefect
• Jews paid tribute (taxes) to Rome
• Jews left to their own affairs
• Jewish people led by religious leaders

139
36.2 Judea The Birthplace of Christianity

• High Priest was head of Jewish religion
• Judea peaceful at time of Jesus birth
• Jews hated being ruled by Romans
• Jews believed God would send a savior called a
  Messiah to restore the Kingdom of David

140
36.3 Writings About the Life of Jesus

• Christian Bible
• New and Old Testaments
• Information about Jesus comes from the Old and
  New Testaments.
• 4 Gospels
• (Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John)
• Gospel Good News
• Written by Jesus disciples to affirm their
  belief that he was the promised Messiah
• Christ Greek Word Christos meaning Messiah
• Came from written and oral sources 30 to 70 years
  after the death of Jesus
• Miracles, helping the poor, Gods mercy and love

141
36.4 The Birth of Jesus

• Old Testament states the Messiah would be born in
  the City of David or Bethlehem
• Historians believe Jesus was born around 6 B.C.E.
  during King Herods reign

142
36.4 The Birth of Jesus

• Caesar Augustus
• Orders census
• Everyone had to go to their birth town to be
  counted
• Joseph from Bethlehem
• Mary wife of Joseph/mother of Jesus
• Jesus born in a stable, placed in a manger in
  swaddling clothes.
• New Testament states the birth was announced to
  shepherds tending their flocks

143
36.4 The Birth of Jesus

• Three Wisemen
• Star appeared over Bethlehem
• Wisemen travelled to see Jesus
• Met with Herod
• Herod feared Jesus would become king attempts to
  murder him
• Joseph/Mary flee to Egypt then return to Nazareth
  when they hear that Herods sons are in charge
• Jesus grows up in Nazareth and learns to be a
  carpenter from Joseph

144
36.4 The Birth of Jesus

• Age 12
• Goes to the temple in Jerusalem and astonishes
  the religious leaders with his wisdom and
  knowledge of the Jewish scriptures and law
• Age 30
• Baptized by John the Baptist in River Jordan
• New Testament states that a dove came down and a
  voice declared that Jesus was the Son of God
• Tempted for 40 days in the wilderness then
  returned to begin his ministry throughout Galilee

145
36.5 Jesus Teachings

• Miracles in the New Testament
• First turned water to wine at a wedding
• Healed sick
• Fed the hungry
• Messages
• Preached in the synagogues
• Attracts huge crowds
• Angers religious leaders
• Numerous times accused them of hypocracy
• Stated he was Son of God and accused of blasphemy
• Leaders sought to arrest/stone him on multiple
  occasions
• Helped sick/and poor
• Taught traditional teaching of Jewish religions
  but emphasized love and mercy

146
36.5 Jesus Teachings

• Kingdom of God
• Preached it was coming soon
• Jewish people believed Messiah would help Jews to
  overthrow Romans and restore them to their former
  glory under King David
• Parables
• Simple stories with a religious or moral meaning
• Good Samaritan
• Lost Sheep
• Politics
• Give to Caesar what is Caesar to God what is
  Gods
• Never preached about revolt against the Romans
• Sermon on the Mount
• Beatitudes
• Blessed are the poor, merciful, etc..
• Placed emphasis on motives not outward actions

147
Jesus Disciples

• Simon Peter
• Andrew - Fisherman, son of John and Peter's
  brother
• James - Fisherman, son of Zebedee, son of
  Boanerges (thunder)
• John - Fisherman, son of Zebedee, Boanerges
  (thunder), brother of James
• Philip - From Bethsaida
• Matthew - tax collector, son of Alphaeus

• Nathaniel (Bartholomew) - from Cana, a "true
  Israelite"
• Thomas
• James, son of Alphaeus
• Simon, the Zealot - Guerrilla fighter
• Judas, son of James
• Judas Iscariot - Guerrilla fighter, son of Simon

148
Simon Peter

• Fisherman
• From Capernaum or possibly Bethsaida
• Also Simon, Simon Peter, or Cephas
• Messenger to the Jewish people
• Wrote the book of 1-2 Peter in the New Testament
• Crucified upside down by Roman Emperor Nero

149
Andrew

• Fisherman
• Peters brother
• Follower of John the Baptist
• Went to country of Bulgaria and Georgia near
  Russia
• Hung on an olive tree

150
James

• Fisherman
• Bother of Jesus
• Nickname James the Great
• Wrote the book of James in New Testament
• Led 1st Christian Church at Jerusalem
• Killed by Herod by beheading

151
John

• Fisherman
• Brother of Jesus
• Nickname sons of Thunder
• Brother of James
• Exiled to the island of Patmos, died of old age
• Wrote Gospel of John, 1-3 John, and the book of
  Revelations

152
Phillip

• From Bethsaida
• Crucified upside down in Turkey

153
Nathaniel

• Also called Bartholomew
• Canaanite who was called a "true Israelite
• Went to India
• Crucified upside down

154
Matthew

• tax collector
• son of Alphaeus
• Wrote book of Mathew
• Possibly died of natural causes

155
Thomas

• Nickname Doubting Thomas because he doubted the
  ressurection of Jesus until he had physical proof
• Also named Didymus
• Ministered to India
• Died from multiple spearings

156
James

• Son of Alphaeus
• Stoned to death by the Jews

157
Simon

• Nickname the Zealot
• ½ brother to Jesus
• Wrote book of Jude
• Guerrilla fighter
• Died at age 120

158
Jude

• Also named Thaddeus and Lebbeas
• son of James
• Preached in Mesopotamia
• Wrote the book of Jude
• Died of natural causes

159
Judas Iscariot

• Guerrilla fighter
• son of Simon
• Betrayed Jesus
• Committed suicide by hanging

160
36.6 The Crucifixion and Resurrection

• Jesus taught for approximately 2 to 3 years
• Went to Jerusalem to celebrate the Passover
• Welcomed as Messiah when he arrived
• Overturned the money changers at the temple
  because they were stealing making a mockery of
  religious customs
• House of Prayer not a Den of Thieves

161
36.6 The Crucifixion and Resurrection

• Last Supper
• Told his disciples he would be betrayed and
  crucified
• Used as model for Christian communion today
• Judas Iscariot
• Betrayed by Judas Iscariot for 30 pieces of
  silver
• Committed suicide by hanging himself
• Arrested by Jewish leaders and accused of
  blasphemy, sedition, and attempting to overthrown
  Roman rulers
• Disciples all abandoned Jesus
• Peter confronted and denied he knew Jesus 3
  times

162
36.6 The Crucifixion and Resurrection

• Barabas
• Roman custom to release one condemned prisoner
  each year around the time of Passover
• Known murderer, terrorists, thief
• Offered to Jewish people in exchange for Jesus as
  yearly custom by Romans
• Jesus sent to Herod
• Herod sent him to Pontius Pilate who stated Jesus
  was innocent and returned him to Herod
• Jewish leaders stirred up the crowd and Jesus was
  crucified outside Jerusalem at a place called
  Galgotha

163
14 Jewish laws broken during the trial of Jesus.

1. No formal charges or legal basis for his arrest.
2. Accomplices used to arrest and convict Jesus.
3. Merits of Jesus defense or charges not
   investigated by the court.
4. Trial was held at night.
5. Trial held before the morning sacrifice.
6. Trial was held before one of Gods Holy Days
   (Sabbath).
7. Trial didnt run for the minimum time period.
8. Trial not held by impartial judges.
9. Known false witnesses were allowed to testify.
10. Judges used Jesus own words to condemn him
    (self-incrimination).
11. Sanhedrin charged him with crimes (only allowed
    to investigate charges).
12. Condemnation was unanimous with no witnesses for
    the defense (legally was supposed to be released
    under those circumstances)
13. Sentencing was announced at an unlawful place.
    Had to be done at the Great Sanhedrin Court.
14. Charges were changed during the trial from
    blasphemy to sedition.

164
36.6 The Crucifixion and Resurrection

• Resurrection
• Central belief of Christianity
• According to Christian beliefs Jesus rose from
  the dead on the Sunday after he died from the
  Crucifixion
• New Testaments
• states several hundred people saw him after he
  rose from the dead
• Followers of Christianity believe that this
  proves he was the Son of God.
• Jesus rose to heaven on a cloud and promised he
  would return again someday to establish his
  Kingdom
• Jesus followers spread the news of his life,
  death, resurrection, and what he had taught them
  as recorded in the New Testament

165
36.7 The Missionary Work of Paul

• Saul
• Born to parents of Jewish and Roman descent
• Devout student of Judaism
• Led fierce opposition to the spread of
  Christianity
• Believed Christianity was blasphemy
• Was present and consented to the stoning to death
  of Stephen

166
36.7 The Missionary Work of Paul

• Wrote letters to people and many of the new
  Christian Churches which became 13 of 27 New
  Testament book
• Epistles letters written to New Testament
  churches that became books in the New Testament
• Acts, Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Galatians,
  Ephesians, Phillipians, Colssians, Hebrews. 1-2
  Thessolonians, Philemon, and 1-2 Timothy

167
36.7 The Missionary Work of Paul

• Road to Damascus, Syria
• Went to Damascus with authority to imprison
  anyone teaching/spreading Christianity
• Vision
• Stated Jesus appeared to him
• Heard voice Saul, Saul why do you persecute
  me
• Was blinded by the vision
• Damascus
• Taken to Damascus and healed by followers of
  Jesus
• Converted to Christianity
• Changed his name to Paul
• Damascus
• Taken to Damascus and healed by followers of
  Jesus
• Converted to Christianity
• Changed his name to Paul
• Apostle Paul
• Became a missionary to most of Asia Minor
• Wrote majority of books in the New Testament
• Was persecuted, beaten, and imprisoned several
  times by Jewish leaders
• Eventually appealed to Caesar when arrested for
  blasphemy

168
36.8 Persecution and Triumph

• Foxs Book of Martyrs
• Initially accepted in much of the Roman Empire
• Refused to follow or accept many Roman customs
• Refused to recognize the Roman Emperor as a god
• Christianity declared illegal by the Romans

169
36.8 Persecution and Triumph

• Persecution
• Most Common Methods
• Crucifixion
• Burned to death
• Thrown to the wild animals at the Coliseum for
  entertainment
• Nero
• was probably the worst of all Roman emperors.
• Wrapped Christians in animal skins fed to wild
  animals
• Covered Christians in wax and oil and used them
  as torches in his garden at night
• Religion spread faster as Christians sang hymns
  and praised God as they were being tortured,
  persecuted, and fed to the wild animals for
  entertainment

170
36.8 Persecution and Triumph

• Emperor Constantine
• 313 A.D./C.E.
• Allowed Christians to worship openly and freely
• Converted to Christianity
• Christianity declared official religion of Roman
  empire before he died in 395 A.D./C.E.

171
Chapter 36

• Reading Notes

172
36.2 Reading Notes

• Why was there unrest in Judea after it came under
  Roman rule?
• The Jews were a fiercely proud and independent
  people, and they rebelled against Roman control.
• How did the Roman prefect rule Judea?
• The prefect kept order and made sure Judea paid
  tribute to Rome, but usually left local affairs
  to the Jews.

173
36.3 Reading Notes

• What are the gospels?
• The gospels are accounts of Jesus life and
  teachings written by four of his followers.
• Who wrote the gospels, and when did they write
  them?
• Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John wrote the gospels.
  They were written 30 to 70 years after Jesus died.

174
36.4 Reading Notes

• According to the gospels, where was Jesus born?
• According to the gospels, Jesus was born in
  Bethlehem.
• What did Jesus study and learn about as a child?
• Jesus studied and learned about Jewish law and
  religious writings, and carpentry.
• Why was Jesus baptism a turning point in his
  life?
• Jesus baptism was a turning point because John
  identified him as the savior the Jews had been
  waiting for.

175
36.5 Reading Notes

• According to the gospels, what did Jesus say were
  the most important of all the Jewish laws?
• You shall love your God with all your heart and
  all your soul and You shall love your neighbor
  as yourself.
• Why did Jesus teachings upset some people?
• Jesus cared more about what was in peoples
  hearts than about peoples obedience to Jewish
  law. Also, some feared that his followers would
  stir up trouble with the Romans.

176
36.6 Reading Notes

• According to the gospels, why was Jesus condemned
  to die on a cross?
• Jesus was condemned to die on a cross in part
  because it was feared he might lead a revolt
  against Rome.
• Why was belief in Jesus resurrection so
  important to his disciples and other followers?
• Belief in his resurrection was important to his
  followers because it convinced them that he was
  the Son of God.

177
36.7 Reading Notes

• What caused Saul to stop persecuting Christians
  and become a missionary?
• Saul stopped persecuting Christians and became a
  missionary because he believed he had heard the
  voice of the risen Jesus.
• How did Pauls work help spread Christianity?
• Paul helped spread Christianity by traveling
  through the empire preaching. While in jail, he
  wrote letters to other Christians.

178
36.8 Reading Notes

• Why were Christians considered a threat to Rome?
• Christians were considered a threat to Rome
  because they refused to worship other Roman gods,
  would not admit the emperor was a god, preferred
  a life of simplicity, and refused to serve in the
  army.
• How did Romes persecution of Christians help
  Christianity grow and spread?
• Romes persecution helped Christianity spread
  because people admired the bravery of the
  Christians who faced death. Also, Christianity
  offered hope to the poor and slaves and offered
  all people a sense of purpose.

179
Constantine

• Became emperor in 313 CE
• 5 million Christians in the empire at the time
• Constantine himself converted to Christianity

180
Theodosius I

• Became emperor in 392 CE
• Banned all other religions and their practices
• Christianity became the official religion of the
  Roman Empire

181
Warm Up
Who is your favorite emperor? WHY?
182
Last Time Five Good Emperors

• Domitian
• Commodus

• Nerva
• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Antoninus Pius
• Marcus Aurelius

183
Today

• The Fall of Rome

184
Fall of the Roman Empire

• Rome reached its golden age from 96 180 CE
  (the reigns of the good emperors)
• After Marcus Aurelius died, the empire began
  facing several problems.
• We will look at the three main reasons why Rome
  fell

185
Three Main Problems

• Political Instability
• Economic/Social Issues
• Weakening Frontiers

186
Political Instability

• After emperors died, rivals fought to see who
  would get the crown
• Typically, the strongest generals with the most
  influence would become emperor
• Many emperors were murdered by those who wanted
  their power
• After Marcus Aurelius, Rome had a series of weak
  and dishonest emperors

187
Without a strong government

• Political Instability
• Economic/Social Issues

188
Economic/Social Issues

• Being so large, the empire required a huge
  military. Therefore, the citizens were taxed
  heavily to support the military.
• Without money in peoples hands, trade within the
  empire suffered.
• Quality of life decreased. The spirit of
  citizenship was declining

189
Without a spirit of citizenship

• Economic/Social Issues
• Weakening Frontiers

190
Weakening Frontiers

• Germanic tribes in the west and north attacking
  the frontier towns of the Roman Empire
• The empire proves too large to defend
• Slowly, pieces of the empire begin getting
  chipped away

191
Roman Empire being lost
192
Constantine

• 330 CE
• Moves capital 850 miles to the east in Turkey
• Calls capital
• New Rome

193
New Rome
194
New Rome - Constantinople
195
After Constantine

• Empire Splits in two
• Western Empire - Rome
• Eastern Empire Constantinople
• Two emperors

196
Split Empire
197
Fall of Rome

• 410 CE Germanic Tribes invade Rome
• 476 CE Last emperor driven out of Rome

198
Fall of Rome

• Western Empire falls
• Eastern Empire will continue for 1,000 years
• Eastern Empire is called the Byzantine Empire.

199
Fall of Rome

• Fall of Rome marks the end of the Ancient World

200
Roman Contributions

• Architecture Vault and Dome construction
• Stadiums Coliseum, Circus Maximus
• Engineering 53,000 miles of road
• Language Latin (Italian, Spanish, French)
• Law Everyone has certain rights, judge and jury